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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCity of Lake Oswego UCFP FINAL 06-10-24 URBAN & COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN /0011# i; •-• ,,,, tiorii fill* Cal) UPDATE 0 .. , . . _ lir \.'"..\ , 1.••• • c i .., . E ... * . , " 11•1- '''`).. 4 '''' -''' (21 ,:4,,,,' ,r,cf•.:1 1,1 ' ,,,, ' ,,,,• "., . , . • 704 '. d,,,;,,, .., •• tr ,S. •". 4, J * AT"' . , '., ,.. ..-, • '• .4.4. , '6. i • •T, ' , 4- v, er %• ,. 4 *.fir s.0,11: ., • i ' ..4,*ftm uk..0, ' ' • ' ir s , 1 6. ''ArL.,'4%-**-'.. • *,.. -,..,, ,/24C.:4. '4' _ _ ,,..444:1-‘s:'et .4 <ii. ..., - (r *,, !•.c - ' 4 • ....'`AT: 4'-.a 4r u.-,s, ,,- . < - - _I.,. -- . _ -„-,""4,-,-ytNii, , _-,- '• , 4 ...' ' ...— it 4 Orr Vs"'•, . t---111- - •-t- ;,...- - • f. t . • (-- 4' : - w--•'=.'' 6 - 7,..-. 4 , -C*, , - ' ,, 17 -- „„t , --16„-.7 -.-- :,-;-,-:,.... -,- ., ,. 4 . . . 4i ' '-'-' ...t,"- •__ • .. ' ;op — --4,0 ii, ,i*"1,- — ••• — .• .._., • , ,? rif:._ II , . '''' '.; ...- 4 ---:•i• i K•*' •I ... it.:- •., . ...L..'giL•,* . ..W C $14i:"..j..f•••••• ...., -, '.*.•.''''f „ .• ... • .__„. _._..2_. .... _ . ._ . ., . ...,. .,, -,_ - - - -- -..xt• 4•4••- — PREPARED BY: DUDEI( TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 3. URBAN FOREST MANAGEMENT 50 VISION 8 Tree Management Practices 51 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 Management Responsibilities 58 Key Findings 13 Funding 59 1. INTRODUCTION 18 Staff and Contractors 62 Land Acknowledgement 19 4. URBAN FOREST CODES, PLANS, AND POLICIES 66 Historical and Environmental Context 19 Municipal Code 67 Plan Development 21 City and Community Plans 74 Analysis of Current Plans, Policies, and Ordinances 21 5. STRATEGIC PLAN 82 Department Interviews 21 Vision Statement 83 Techncical Advisory Commitee 21 Guiding Principles and Actions 84 Community Engagement 24 6. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 100 Why the City of Lake Oswego Needs 7. MONITORING PLAN 114 an Updated Urban and Community REFERENCES 116 Forestry Plan 25 APPENDIX A: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT MEMO 2. URBAN FOREST SUSTAINABILITY 30 APPENDIX B: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Benefits of Urban Trees 31 APPENDIX C: MUNICIPAL CODE REVIEW Tree Inventory 34 APPENDIX D: MONITORING PLAN Sustainability Indicators 34 Inventory Background 38 Recommended Inventory Approach 38 Opportunities for Private Tree Inventory 41 Pest Management and Invasive Species Preparedness 42 LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 3 TABLES Area Summary 64 1-1 List of Interviews 22 4-1 Tree Permits in Lake Oswego Code Chapter 55: Tree Code 68 1-2 Technical Advisory Committee 23 1 3 Urban Forest Threats 26 4-2 Quantity of Approved Permits and Trees Permitted for Removal by Permit Type 2-1 Tree Inventory Sustainability Indicators 36 between 2020-2023 70 2-2 Recommended Types of Inventories and Frequency 4-3 Summary and Gaps Identified in the by Tree Location 40 Reviewed City Documents 71 2-3 Cost Estimates for the City of 5-1 Guiding Principles of the Urban and Community Lake Oswego's Inventory 40 Forestry Plan Update 84 2-4 Important Invasive Pest and Pathogens that EXHIBITS Threaten the City of Lake Oswego's Trees 43 2-1 How Trees Help Mitigate the Urban Heat 2-5 Results of the City of Lake Oswego's Pest Island Effect 32 Risk Assessment 46 2-2 Benefits of Urban Trees 33 2-6 Important Invasive Plant Species that Threaten 2-3 City of Lake Oswego Tree Canopy Cover 39 the City of Lake Oswego's Trees 48 4-1 Total Quantity of Trees Permitted for Removal 3-1 2021-2023 Biennium Budget Related to Tree by Permit Type between 2020-2023 69 Management and City of Lake Oswego Funding Sources 58 3-2 Estimated Work Activities and Biennium Budget Allocated Towards In-House Tree Maintenance Tasks 60 3-3 Estimated Work Activities and Biennium Budget Allocated Towards Contracted Tree Maintenance Tasks 61 3-4 City of Lake Oswego Tree-Related In-House Staff Positions 63 3-5 City of Lake Oswego's Tree Management 4 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE .1. ,4,k,_ .. , e I* 4' .‘,1 r, . --4 iii • • . i , .... / • ' '1,. fr,or -'•e• , fb- • ':OF: 110 i.11-;,;lie -.. .,or '''•, lk 6 � i • ti it •. , y .r .1• �, .- 11•� 0 AN.-•yr. tea¢!, i � $aa lie ".lo4P s„. • C '‘ e•1\\\7, •4`,, r.', ili" ,--r- - \-. : # ,,‘,. - 6.A -.4 0.44... hAlibirei.,6: ,....7 •, 01,1161* ' '111.-q1 . 4111 .A ..kr 1 7,_.4'le,,,.,_AL;Al.4' , - 4 'i004 s,,,., 4,1YI et( ', ar f 7. \4,44,- - _ .' a. 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' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CITY OF LAKE OSWEGO STAFF TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS Jessica Numanoglu, Community Development Director Jeff Munro, Parks & Recreation Deputy Director Jessica Numanoglu, Planning Daphne Cissell, Associate Planner Daphne Cissell, Planning Sonja Johnson, Associate Engineer Bill Youngblood, Code Enforcement Erik Olson, Long Range Planning Manager Amanda Watson, Sustainability Kristine Ashton, Public Works Quin Brunner, City Manager's Office Amanda Watson, Sustainability Program Manager Jeff Munro, Parks & Recreation Bill Youngblood, Senior Code Enforcement Specialist Sonja Johnson, Engineering Kristine Ashton, Public Works CITY OF LAKE OSWEGO COUNCIL MEMBERS Greg Barnum, Fire Morgan Holen, City Consulting Arborist Joe Buck, Mayor Jack Halsey, Oswego Lake Watershed Council Ali Afghan Scott Altenhoff, Oregon Department of Forestry Trudy Corrigan Brittany Oxford, Oregon Department of Forestry Massene Mboup Aaron Rapf MORGAN HOLEN & ASSOCIATES Rachel Verdick Morgan Holen, Consulting Arborist John Wendland PREPARED BY Dudek — Urban Forestry Division ALA O O OREGO� LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 7 VISION A Lake Oswego's urban forest is a sustainable ecosystem that harmoniously balances nature and urban life, is resilient to and combats the effects of climate change, and is managed as an essential environmental, economic, and cultural asset that contributes to the health and happiness of all members of our community. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AThe City of Lake Oswego's Urban and Community residents that identify with the benefits and services of the urban Forestry Plan (UCFP) is a planning and policy tool forest and who strive to be active stewards. intended to provide a framework for ensuring that the forest is appropriately cared for according to industry The City adopted its first UCFP in 2007. Since that time, plans, best management practices and community goals. The policies, and codes relating to urban forest management have been plan identifies guiding principles and recommended updated or adopted by the City, including the 2016 adoption of the actions to protect, restore, and improve forests in parks and on Healthy Ecosystems Chapter of the Comprehensive Plan; 2020 public lands, to educate and encourage property owners to be Sustainability and Climate Action Plan; 2022 Natural Areas Habitat stewards of the urban forest on private land, and to better manage Management Plan; and 2022 State of the Urban Forest Report. In the intersection of public and private interests for trees located in addition, there are issues, such as climate change, and emerging public rights-of-way. threats, like invasive pests (emerald ash borer and Mediterranean oak borer) and wildfire risks that were not addressed in the 2007 Anyone who has walked through a shower of cherry blossoms at UCFP. The purpose of this updated UCFP is to bring together Millennium Plaza Park, admired a centenarian Oregon White Oak policies, plans, and best management practices related to urban in Iron Mountain Park, or heard an out-of-town guest marvel at the forest management to support natural resource stewardship on height of Douglas-fir trees in Lake Grove, knows something about both public and private property with an integrated and cooperative the value of trees in our city. They define the sense of place for much approach. of Lake Oswego and play an important role in the environmental, economic, social and health benefits provided to residents and While managing trees is a main focus of the UCFP, the urban visitors. They beautify our streets and parks, provide shade, help forest is comprised of much more than trees. The urban forest to conserve energy and manage stormwater, improve air quality, also includes understory vegetation and ground cover plants, soil, increase property values, provide food and shelter for wildlife, riparian corridors, wetlands, wildlife habitat and more. Healthy soil improve mental health, and enhance quality of life. is vital to tree health and growth and a connected and robust tree canopy is critical for shading riparian corridors to moderate stream The high value of our urban forest is reflected in the fact that the temperature and support fish habitat. A diverse stratum of dominant City of Lake Oswego has a 53.4% city-wide tree canopy cover,the mature trees, shade-tolerant understory trees, smaller shrubs, highest of any city of comparable size in the region. Approximately ground cover plants, and even snags (standing dead trees) are vital 20% of the city-wide tree canopy is located on city-owned and to supporting a variety of local wildlife including mammals, birds, managed properties and public rights-of-way. The remaining 80% insects, amphibians and more. These are just a few examples of the of Lake Oswego's tree canopy is located on private properties ways managing trees helps support the health and resilience of the and non-city owned or managed public properties, highlighting entire urban forest ecosystem. the importance of continuing to foster a community of engaged LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 11 The UCFP outlines a Strategic Plan aimed at increasing operational State of the Urban Forest Report provides an in-depth analysis of efficiencies and encouraging streamlined coordination between the city-wide tree canopy cover, but much is unknown about tree departments, decisionmakers, and community members for a species diversity and health of our urban forest. A more detailed sustainable urban and community forestry program. The Strategic tree inventory will better inform management decisions for long- Plan is based on the following Guiding Principles: term health and sustainability. With data collected through a combination of individual tree inventory in developed rights-of-way, • The urban forest is cared for through sufficient financial parks and City-owned and managed properties, sample inventory investment and adequate staffing resources. in undeveloped rights-of-way and City-owned and managed natural • Trees are managed according to best management practices to areas, and partnerships with other organizations, such as the improve the health, longevity, safety, and functional capacity. Oswego Lake Watershed Council, universities and Metro, to analyze private property tree data, the City can further understand the • The quality of life in the City is enhanced by the benefits and overall health and resilience of the community's entire urban forest services provided by the urban forest. and adapt management strategies accordingly. In the meantime, • The urban forest can withstand and recover from impacts of many of the recommended actions in the UCFP can still be taken, climate change and continues to provide essential ecosystem such as prioritizing planting large stature trees where possible, benefits. updating the native tree species mitigation list to include non-native but climate-adapted species, implementing scouting programs for • The urban forest is integrated with the urban needs of the city invasive insect pests, and much more. to include housing, infrastructure, businesses, schools, and transportation. While many of the actions in the Strategic Plan are the responsibility Implementation of the actions in the UCFP will take time and is of specific City departments, other actions will require the dependent on available resources. The Strategic Plan assigns a involvement of residents and community partners to achieve the timeframe for implementation of each action; however, the UCFP objectives; everyone in the City has a role to play in making the is intended to be a living document that is continually reviewed Strategic Plan successful. Additionally, allocation of sufficient and updated to meet the emerging priorities of the community. funding and resources to implement priority actions in the Strategic The UCFP also includes a monitoring plan for measuring progress Plan will need to be considered during the City's biennial budget towards a more sustainable urban forest and making adaptive management decisions. process. Primary threats to the health and sustainability to the urban forest include climate change, severe weather events, development, wildfire, invasive plants, invasive insects, and diseases. The 2022 12 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE KEY FINDINGS 6=1.00t4,\ 1 . The City needs an updated public tree inventory to make informed urban forest management decisions. A complete tree inventory provides the building block of management decisions. The City's most recent inventory was collected in 2007 as a 5% sample inventory of street trees, estimating 41,000 trees in the City's rights-of-way(ROWs). However, the City does not have a current understanding of tree species diversity, age distribution, health condition, and infrastructure conflicts of its City-owned and managed trees. With an updated and complete inventory of these trees,the City will be better able to prioritize and budget for tree maintenance and management. 2. The City's tree management responsibilities must be clarified. FE.11Th e 2007 UCFP included a goal to clarify management responsibilities between departments on how the City manages trees in the ROWs. However, the discrepancy among departments as to who is responsible for management persists. This goal can be achieved through coordination among departments to facilitate conversations about the pros and cons of different styles of management responsibilities. The outcome of this coordination will dictate several resulting actions, including the trees to be included in the inventory and the funding assigned to the Urban and Community Forestry Program. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 13 '; _ - 3. Portions of the City's Tree Code lack clear and objective standards. Oregon Revised Statute 197.307(4) requires the City to adopt and apply clear and objective standards, conditions, and procedures regulating the development of housing, to ensure that the City does not use discretionary or subjective criteria to deny housing projects or discourage housing through unreasonable cost or delay. When the City makes required updates to the Tree Code, significant outreach and engagement will be needed to ensure that community members understand the ways this statute may impact trees in the City and how they can participate in the development of clear and objective standards that balance the goals and objectives of a healthy and resilient urban forest. 4. The City has a dense canopy and should prioritize canopy management and maintenance rather than continued and perpetual expansion. Increasing canopy cover, or replacing lost canopy cover, uses more time and resources when compared to maintaining and proper management existing canopy. With 53.4% city-wide canopy cover, managing the urban forest to maintain dense canopy cover is a top priority, while efforts to further increase tree canopy should be focused on portions of public rights-of-way that lack tree canopy and in riparian areas where shade is most critical. Enforcing tree protection guidelines, ensuring mitigation trees are planted when trees are removed, and considering mature stature of tree species to be planted all help preserve and manage existing canopy cover. Managing a high percentage of canopy cover puts the City in a proactive situation to adapt to the future needs of the community and urban forest. 14 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 0 Z_ 0 z I 5. Climate Change Effects on Lake Oswego's Urban Forest. 1I w IL N Longer, warmer, drier summers and shorter, wetter winters, and more frequent severe weather events such as heat I domes and ice storms are becoming more common in the Western Cascade Region. Planting the right tree species in the right place and a diverse mix of species, including both native and climate adapted species, while conducting routine maintenance to maintain strong and healthy trees are all strategies to manage for a more resilient urban forest. 6. Invasive Pest and Plant Management. O , Due to a warmer climate, native tree species have less resources to function normally, resulting in stress. Stressed trees must conserve their resources, which typically leads to stunted growth, and creates a negative feedback loop since stunted growth reduces the ability of trees to receive resources. This feedback loop, or death spiral, weakens the tree and its protective processes, opening itself as an easier target for invasive pests to nest and expand from. When a small group of trees becomes contaminated with a quick spreading pest,they can infest a large number of trees and cause a die off. When trees die off, invasive plants can capitalize on the new growing space and sunlight that has opened due to gaps in the canopy. Preventing invasive pest and plants from spreading is the best course of action. This is done through early warning detection, pest management plans, and preplanned actions based on scenarios to limit the spread once an area has been contaminated. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 15 7. Most of the city-wide tree canopy cover is located on private property and non-city li . . owned or managed public property. Just N8% of the city-wide tree canopy cover is located on city-owned and managed properties, most of which is managed for improved ecological health and resiliency by the Parks Department, guided by the City's Natural Areas Habitat Management Plan. Another 12% of the city-wide tree canopy cover is located in public rights of way(streets), which further highlights the need to clarify responsibility for management of street trees (see Key Finding 2, above). The vast majority of city-wide tree canopy cover, N80%, is located on private properties and non-city owned or managed public properties. While much of this plan is directed at managing the urban forest on city-owned or managed properties, there are many actions included in this plan aimed at encouraging the care and maintenance of the urban forest on private properties. Engaging the community to be active stewards of the urban forest is critical. A community that identifies with the benefits and services the urban forest provides will be more engaged. Prioritizing public education and outreach, offering resources, and providing support are essential to fostering active stewardship of natural resources beyond city owned and managed lands. I, ,c, , ' '-Y—�'``"+,�� p f +tt?� {j''.:_.,�a� '. {b`''�, arty ( t r x 'fi .. . .a,f. ,.„-- , - 'di R 1 I 'ita`.,��n1(-. 1014,4) '" ;. a.{^ ._ '.s* ".&..r .*144.::,---: ',-,1''"'sh ''---'''' \ ' l'--,, .."71'7'-'N;',Vr., ,, -,k4 tv''',74.:A,...:7`'T. ..,,I.:1;: -....„;::44-:'....f,,„,--,„,. ''''!°, , 3 �y a { �r6o- ,?>/ i. tam. ate t s L 4 � . :*4 :` 3,1 j :,i1 t! 4' $` v ':—,. ''' 46*;:::,'":—.:‘ ':.(rits,,,i 11'11, wi �, r`" a et< s 4i''44'::s::'''-''-'-v:l-H.f'''';'"'''':'*''' \�.�,.,.:!'.aW.�f�=x .'�Y:.a: RT�--c� ,.a° , . ..a.�tv5. � dr'�.�.,.n..r � 16 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 0 Z_ 8. Threats to the short- and long-term health and sustainability of Lake Oswego's urban 1) 0, forest are not well-understood by the public and more transparency in tree removal w permit data is needed. The 2022 State of the Urban Forest Report identifies insects and disease as the number one threat to urban forest sustainability. Other identified threats include increased air temperature and aridity, severe storm events, invasive plants, wildfire and development. Community member responses from outreach events, focus groups, and the survey repeatedly mentioned that they do not think the Tree Code is effective at preserving trees, that the biggest threat to the urban forest in the City is development, and that developers are treated differently and almost always granted a permit for tree removal. These opinions illuminate the need for the City to increase transparency in the ways it grants tree removal permits, including tracking all removal permits that are submitted, approved, withdrawn, or denied, and reporting these statistics annually. Based on Planning Department permit application records for the 4-year period between 2020-2023, 16% of all trees permitted for removal were development related, including 762 trees (6%) permitted for removal through Type II tree removal permits for the purposes of development and 1,229 trees (10%) permitted for removal through Verification applications for previously approved land use decisions such as a partition or subdivision. Additional tree removal permit data is provided in Section 4.1. Future code updates can better address trees and development, but regulations are just one tool to help manage the urban forest. 9. The Lake Oswego community is active, engaged, and strongly values the City's natural resources. The results from all outreach activities showed that the city's urban forest is an important part of the community's identity. They believe trees contribute to community character and should be managed and maintained for the future. During the implementation phase of the UCFP, it will be critical to continue to engage with the community to inform them of the Strategic Plan, involve them in the overall strategic goals and actions and solicit feedback to ensure that diverse perspectives are heard and valued. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 17 1 INTRODUCTION LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT the Kalapuya Treaty of 1855. Today, descendants live on, carrying on traditions and cultures, and honoring their ancestors. Lake Oswego is built on land that was originally inhabited by The City of Lake Oswego shares an ongoing responsibility to Indigenous people since time immemorial. There are many safeguard this land along with honoring the indigenous peoples of Indigenous communities that have a historical, cultural, and spiritual this land. connection to what is now Lake Oswego, including the Kalapuya, Siletz, Multnomah, Atfalati and Clackamas peoples; however, we will never be able to name every tribe that lived upon this land because HISTORICAL AND these communities frequently traveled for trade and other reasons. The City of Lake Oswego recognizes traditional territories and ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT honors Indigenous people as rightful stewards of the land. The Willamette Valley and surrounding areas -from the mountain The Town of Oswego was founded in 1847 and until the late 1920s range to the ocean —were honored by Indigenous groups for its developed around three main industries: a sawmill, the iron works, diversity, beauty, and abundance. Oswego Lake and Creek were and a cement plant (Kuo 2020; City of Lake Oswego 2023a). Many important fishing, hunting, and berry picking grounds and the lake areas of Lake Oswego were logged to support these industries and was used as a transportation route. for settlement, including areas around the lake and what is today, George Rogers Park, Iron Mountain, Downtown, Old Town and Many of the original stewards of this land died from disease, brought Foothills. on by early European settlers and French fur trappers. Those who survived were forced to move to the Grande Ronde Reservation after i.S l LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 19 The Town of Oswego was originally only accessible by river boats and narrow dirt roads, which limited the amount of residential development. That changed in 1886 when a railroad between "What is the Urban Forest? What Portland and Oswego was built, spurring residential development is a Community Forest? Why are around the perimeter of Oswego Lake that accelerated through the 1940s and 1950s to other areas of the city. Oswego's reputation as they both needed?" a place to "Live Where You Play" added to its appeal as a family- oriented suburb, and the residential population continued to grow after World War II. With the annexation of part of Lake Grove in 1960, Oswego's name was changed to Lake Oswego (City of Lake • An urban forest consists of the trees, Oswego, 2023). The City's urban forest gradually rebounded from understory, and ecosystems reliant on logging by early industries and the subsequent boom in residential development. Beginning in the 1970s, the City of Lake Oswego (City) traditional forest systems in an urbanized areas took an active role managing its trees, tree preservation programs, managed through research, policy, practice, and other natural resources. In 1971, the City adopted its first Tree and community engagement. Code, which has helped protect the City's urban forest for the past • A community forest is where local people play a several decades. significant role in cooperatively managing trees, Today, the City's urban forest is a highly valued asset that has understory, and its ecosystem. become a vital part of the community's identity. Currently, 645 acres • Both terms are sometimes used is dedicated to City parks and open spaces, providing residents opportunity to engage with the natural environment (City of Lake interchangeably, but urban forest covers the Oswego, 2022a). Citywide tree canopy cover increased from quantitative, scientific methods of managing 48.6%to 53.4% from 2014-2019, the highest tree canopy cover in natural land, the community forest speaks to the Portland region among cities of comparable size (City of Lake the engagement of people who work, live, Oswego, 2022a). The City has also taken progressive measures and play within the urban forest environment. to manage its natural environment and create a baseline to inform Having no community forest leaves the urban forest management practices. The City's first urban and community forest in a state of just another managed asset forestry plan (UCFP) was adopted in 2007 and the first State of the that a city must maintain and will most likely be Urban Forest (SURF) Report was completed in 2009. The SURF funded as such. Report was recently updated in 2022 and formed the basis for the data included in this 2024 UCFP Update. 20 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z 0 PLANDEVELOPMENT PROCESS baseline to compare current actions against best management U practices (BMPs) and goals, and to identify areas for improvement j 0 to ensure the City meets the standards of sustainable urban forest The update to the City's 2007 UCFP was initiated in response to the O ce management. Information from this review was collected, analyzed, 2023 City Council goal to "combat climate change and strengthen i— the community's resilience to climate impacts." The City Planning and incorporated into the UCFP. Z Department is the main entity responsible for overseeing UCFP development and implementation. The Planning Department provided key insights into City practices, coordinated with internal DEPARTMENT INTERVIEWS and external interested parties, and participated in community engagement events. The plan was also developed in collaboration In May 2023, Dudek conducted interviews with various City staff with the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and community input to understand the effectiveness of the Urban and Community through community engagement activities. The plan development Forestry Program. Seven individuals were invited to attend group process is detailed below. interviews, which were conducted via Zoom. The staff positions that participated in the interviews are listed in Table 1-1. The interviews explored the role each staff member had in influencing City tree ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES, AND management, clarified internal City procedures, informed areas ORDINANCES where the City could improve management of the urban forest, and identified progress on goals and actions since the 2007 UCFP. The City's Urban and Community Forestry Program comprises interconnected efforts led by the City's Planning, Public Works, and Parks & Recreation Departments. An extensive review of the TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE City's urban forest policies, funding mechanisms, tree management practices, ordinances, and procedures was conducted to fully The City's TAC was formed to bring together City staff, nonprofit understand how trees are managed and planned for in the City. leaders, and technical experts to help advise on the UCFP's Long-range planning documents related to the urban forest were development. A list of the TAC members is included in Table 1-2. identified by the City Project Team and TAC and were reviewed Six TAC meetings were held between May 2023 and April 2024, as part of the UCFP, including the Comprehensive Plan: Healthy facilitated by the consultant team. Each TAC member brought a Ecosystems, Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Implementation unique perspective to the group, providing context for City policy, Plan; 2020 Sustainability and Climate Action Plan (SCAP); 2022 regulatory perspectives, challenges relating to trees throughout the Natural Areas Habitat Management Plan (NAHMP); the 2007 UCFP; City, and community urban forestry priorities. 2022 SURF Report; and several others. Understanding the existing conditions that were researched for the 2022 SURF provided a A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 121 Table 1-1. List of Interviews City Department Position Beautification Specialists Public Works Stormwater Quality Coordinator Parks & Recreation Manager Interim Director Community Development Associate Planner Consulting Arborist The interviews highlighted reoccurring themes of the Urban and '` =: 4 <xf _7 ; ' , c"-' �� � • ` µ :Community Forestry Program and areas of greatest needs and �, { ` �' r �;,; _WifIVN concerns. The following is a sample of the questions discussed during these interviews: r� ?; w !� �f � s • How do you envision the Lake Oswego urban forest over the '' * - h-.). n.k �A r; ' t .. \ ,ov } -...�` next 30 years? � T , N." • ` ..� :_< x;� .,;,•:. I.', ' .r. " • Do you have suggestions/thoughts for improving your ` F� department's role regarding tree management? .;• ►t-, �r- -,, , . C ;Xs , ` : sir , • Are existing policies considered appropriate for efficient tree - ;'''f ,,..`:•, `.1 ,- 1-' ,, ' ... management? jrc ,� • Are there specific locations that need to be prioritized for tree r . ow ;Y . �` planting? l• • +• What are the biggest challenges facing the urban forest? 22 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Z 0 Table 1-2.Technical Advisory Committee I— U 3 Technical Advisory Committee Members 0 O ce i— Member Title/Organization Z Jessica Numanoglu Community Development Director,City of Lake Oswego Daphne Cissell Associate Planner, City of Lake Oswego Bill Youngblood Senior Code Enforcement Specialist,City of Lake Oswego Amanda Watson Sustainability Program Manager, City of Lake Oswego Quin Brunner Management Analyst, City of Lake Oswego Jeff Munro Deputy Director of Parks& Recreation,City of Lake Oswego Sonja Johnson Stormwater Quality Coordinator, City of Lake Oswego Kristine Ashton City Beautification Specialist, City of Lake Oswego Greg Barnum Battalion Chief,City of Lake Oswego Morgan Holen City Consulting Arborist, Morgan Holen &Associates Jack Halsey Executive Director, Oswego Lake Watershed Council Scott Altenhoff Urban and Community Forestry Program Manager, Oregon Department of Forestry Brittany Oxford Urban and Community Forestry Program Specialist, Oregon Department of Forestry A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 23 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT \ .\ is Meaningful community engagement is essential to developing a s` ., \ " 4 UCFP that reflects the goals, needs, and priorities of the City's entire _ --- v community. During the UCFP development process, the City and the consultant team conducted community engagement activities to �.i -t` r� .4, better understand the views community members hold about trees I, .. in the City and how these perceptions affect the City's urban forest. v -4 r ,\ =� A series of in-person and virtual outreach events helped identify i '.1 r core values for the urban forest in the City. The engagement strategy '., included the following activities: • Public survey that was circulated online and in-person (582 \ J responses) ` , �, _ • Tabling booth at the Luscher Farm's Pollinator Celebration event with educational materials, interactive boards, and other urban i , forestry resources \ _ • Tabling booth at the Lake Oswego Farmers Market with similar ` educational materials, interactive boards, and resources * " ,- • Online outreach through the City's social media channels and networks (website, E-newsletter, social media, and Next Door) / I • Eight focus group meetings consisting of community members, 'i commission members, nonprofits, and other interested parties to " ` ;; .0 understand local priorities and concerns about the urban forest it A r�r Information from all community engagement activities was collected, ' analyzed, and incorporated into the UCFP. A full discussion of 1 all community engagement activities and results is described in - ,',- Appendix A: Community Engagement Memo. ;_',' , { .:1 24 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Z o WHY THE CITY OF LAKE OSWEGO NEEDS urban forest will face without continued investment, which are AN UPDATED URBAN AND COMMUNITY expected to become more costly to manage in the future. Additional U FORESTRY PLAN information about the threat of wildfire is provided in the City of Lake O Oswego Addendum to the Clackamas County Multi-Jurisdictional ce Lake Oswego's 2007 UCFP provided the City with its first roadmap Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan; action items pertaining to wildfire Z designating how to manage and steward its urban forest into risk reduction contained in that Plan have been incorporated into the future. Today, the need to have an equitable, connected tree this UCFP. canopy that is resilient against changing environmental conditions is increasingly important. Trees provide numerous benefits that help 7_ mitigate the environmental risks experienced in urban areas, such . }. 0 , as air pollution and the urban heat island effect. A resilient urban b `" � ' 4a. =, tr -„fir. �. �,#1 :. tip,_. , E1 forest that is well-managed and maintained can provide solutions ',,a1' _ & fir` s11`j [�; with multiple benefits to alleviate environmental issues, resulting in '-mot *x i •a higher quality of life for all community members. With a population �: ��. 1.0` ty ; ✓ of more than 40,000 people and a 53.4% city-wide canopycovert#, `,4' V .ie't'" _• (City of Lake Oswego 2022a), investments to manage and monitor 4 d t. ` !' , g ` the urban forest are critical. Because this document covers the : ; , ' i ,;Ai 3 .. ; .. r ice; entire urban forest, it is necessary to discuss all trees within the 0 -NA040111 , 1. V "';F!� �, i,�i forest be they public or private. While the natural environment does , '.. ,.- l IF i VI s k .:, , not recognize human imposed boundaries, this document does ,,� {>tf it I t , 4.,.; �'.i t F n r not introduce new regulations on private property trees, but does m e;• ., ` :'`� ' �'� r � ,- include actions to provide public education and encourage care and - pe �!►aa4, ''"g`'f , .ti, 4 1 w t�4 Nw$CA e maintenance of the urban forest on private property. ---�,: t, �°���.,A � �, � ,:�,�m Some common ideas and concerns that were expressed throughout � +;•. .® .' •` atg '' i 'q ;4.k,,,t,,S,&x a ,i�i ` eft fi ° i"14 4 vet �, the development of the UFCP were the need for a complete . ""` `, Aiv ,,, City-managed tree inventor draftingpolicyon the urban forests "' "` ' ._ Y, i djou 'r 4,1\'! 7, ;� ''. rather h n individual r r ion inv iv plant °� � '�`� , , ;;t g ecosystemthan tree protection, invasive p a V> <ca° ,,w 4,., species management, wildfire preparation and mitigation, and �� ' ; =a *�,',oily,--,-.. ,. .,, %�. invasive pests and pathogen prevention and management. Some ITO . ' " ". "~ .�, `� "q ' .. 4 existing and projected threats highlighted in the City's 2022 SURF could be addressed by diversifying the urban forest and w ,} a`i.,'°' " ► ai ' - its resources. Table 1-3 covers the threats and consequences the A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 125 Table 1-3. Urban Forest Threats Threats Description Effects on the Urban Forest if Left Unaddressed Tree species have evolved within certain climate zones with Increasing temperatures Certain tree species may decline and die, leading specific temperature ranges and rainfall patterns. If the climate and extended periods of to loss of tree canopy, lower species diversity,and shifts outside the tree's natural tolerance to heat and drought,the drought less urban forest resilience to threats. tree's health may decline. Tree removal from development projects can negatively impact Less room for trees makes designing space for Increased development neighborhood character. Construction activities can also limit root trees more challenging.With less room to grow, for housing and the built growth, compact soil, and create a harsh environment that makes it smaller trees may be necessary,which may result environment difficult for a tree to survive. in decreased canopy cover. Limb and whole tree failure during extreme weather events may increase risk to pedestrians When an extreme weather event happens,wind, rain, ice,or and result in property damage, power service snow can increase the likelihood of branch or whole tree failure. Severe Weather Events disruptions,and commerce disruptions if limbs Mature trees are especially at risk when they have not been well or trees block roadways or building entrances; maintained or have over-extended branches. severe storms may also result in decreased canopy cover. Unmanaged fuel loads and low-lying branches, invasive species infestations, and tree canopy Increased temperatures, longer periods of drought, drier natural over dwellings all create risk for fire that starts Wildfire* areas,and a lack of management and maintenance leads to an on the ground to spread to the greater biomass increased fire risk. fuel source in the canopy.Without preventative management,the risk increases. 26 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Z 0 I— Threats Description Effects on the Urban Forest if Left Unaddressed D 0 0 cc Invasive plants can dramatically change the H Native plants evolve in competition with other plants around them. Z natural ecosystem of a given area and prevent — When plants from outside of their natural range are introduced, Invasive plants natural regeneration and forest succession. invasive species can outcompete endemic plants for sunlight, English ivy,for example, can overgrow native moisture, nutrients,and space. trees and kill them. Insects and diseases can cause increased mortality rates,which leave standing dead trees. Insects and diseases, once established, can quickly spread to Dead and dried out trees are a greater risk to neighboring trees or kill entire stands and species of trees.Trees the City due to their increased chances of failure Insects and diseases that are already stressed from other threats have a decreased and combustible biomass. Pests and pathogen ability to defend against and survive an infestation. infestations can result in decreased canopy cover, change the composition of the urban forest,and reduce tree species diversity. *The threats highlighted in this section focus specifically on threats to the health and sustainability of the urban forest in Lake Oswego. The Lake Oswego Addendum to the Clackamas County Multi-Jurisdictional Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies wildfire, earthquakes,and winter storms as top tier hazards that pose the greatest risk to the entire County, its infrastructure, private property, and ecological systems. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 27 Concerned about Wildfire? Check out how you can get involved in your community. The Lake Oswego Fire Department offers home assessments for homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface(WUI). LO Fire Department Assessments focus on the home ignition zone on your property and provide recommendations on ways to eliminate the Wildland Urban Interface fire's potential relationship with the house. Sign up for a WUI Home Assessment at: https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/formslf/ (WUI) Home Assessment WUTARequest The Firewise USA® program provides a collaborative framework to help neighbors get organized,find direction, and take action to to reduce wildfire risks at the local level. Forming a Firewise community is voluntary and led by residents, Firewise with support and resources from community partners including the Lake Oswego Fire Department and Oswego Lake Watershed Council. Learn more at: https://www.oswegowatershed.org/explore-the-watershed/land-resilience/ The MPHOA Land Resilience Management Plan identifies objectives and actions to mitigate wildfire risks, address deferred maintenance issues, and enhance forest health through selective vegetation management for wildfire risk reduction across 120-acres of private natural area greenspace in Mountain Park. In 2022, Oswego Lake Watershed Council secured a Forestland Grant from the Oregon Department of Forestry(ODF), bringing in over$300,000 in funding to support implementation of the Plan. To date, invasive species have been removed from 100-acres of forest understory and ivy and clematis vines have been Mountain Park Fuels cut from trees to reduce ladder fuels and improve tree health. Small debris was chipped, bucked, and scattered,while Reduction and Land large logs and snags were retained for wildlife habitat. Over 500 native trees have been planted, along with 4,000 Resilience Project bare-root and live stake native trees,shrubs and ground covers. Riparian zones, notably along Springbrook Creek in Tanglewood Park, received special attention during replanting efforts.Additional funding has been secured from the City of Lake Oswego's Habitat Enhancement Program and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board's Small Grant Program. Project partners include Mountain Park Homeowners Association, Clackamas Soil and Water Conservation District, ODF,the Lake Oswego Fire Department, Portland Community College Sylvania, and numerous volunteers. Through collaborative partnerships and well-executed planning,this project is a tremendous example of managing to improve the health and resilience of urban forests on private properties. 28 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE . y, .- • _.'*-_;_ _ -- T-�i _ -----..."""...--42211 _.. ice. - �_ -.-� 2 URBAN FOREST SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF URBAN TREES Urban areas have been converted from their natural state to As trees mature and grow larger, the ecosystem services they accommodate needs of humans, infrastructure, and housing. provide significantly increase. Furthermore, a tree's growth Natural processes and ecological relationships are threatened by is reliant on taking in carbon to add to its biomass. A young the development of streets, homes, and commercial and industrial population of trees within an urban forest will sequester more areas. Forests near urban areas are fragmented due to urban carbon at a greater rate when compared to mature trees that are development. Paved, impermeable surfaces limit the areas that not growing as tall or wide as when they were younger. Once stormwater can infiltrate into the soil, altering the area's hydrology mature, a tree goes from sequestering carbon to becoming a and increasing the chances for flooding events, vegetation storage unit for the past decades of growth. Similarly, carbon is damage, and water pollution. also stored underground, within the urban forest's soil, to a greater degree than in the trees themselves. An estimated total of 530,100 The City's urban forest, as described in the vision statement of the megagrams of carbon is stored within the City's urban forest, with City's 2007 UCFP (City of Lake Oswego 2007), "is a thriving and 327,809 and 202,291 megagrams of carbon being stored below sustainable mix of tree species and age classes that contribute and above ground, respectively(City of Lake Oswego 2022a). to a healthy ecosystem. The forest is valued and cared for by the community as an essential environmental, economic, and cultural Since 1900, Oregon has warmed by 2.5°F, and projections indicate asset." The value of the City's urban forest is greater than the that the climate will continue to trend warmer (Chang et al. 2023). sum of its parts; urban trees help decrease fragmentation and As global temperatures continue to rise, trees play an integral role habitat loss by providing an ecosystem for insects, birds, and in the global response to climate change. Exhibit 2-1 shows how other wildlife. Tree canopies along creeks contribute to water trees serve as effective agents in cooling urban environments temperature regulation, sustaining habitable conditions for aquatic and fostering sustainable, livable communities. The shade they life. The urban forest can also provide significant benefits for its provide can reduce surface temperatures by 20°to 45°F and human inhabitants,too, by increasing property values, providing air temperatures by 10°F (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recreational opportunities, improving physical and mental well- 2008). being, and shade to cool the urban environment. Furthermore, trees improve air quality by absorbing particulates and harmful gases, and intercept and absorb stormwater, slowing runoff and Since 1900, Oregon has warmed by 2.5°F, reducing water pollution. The City's urban forest helps prevent and projections indicate that the climate will approximately 155 million gallons of stormwater runoff annually continue to trend warmer(Chang et al. 2023). (City of Lake Oswego 2022a). This critical ecosystem service is0 As global temperatures continue to rise, trees valued at $1.38 million. play an integral role in the global response to climate change. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 131 Exhibit 2-1. How Trees Help Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect HOW TREES HELP NEGATE THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT Moreover,the urban forest has been consistently associated with positive impacts on mental well- NO TREES OR GREENERY being, crime reduction, and cardiovascular health ElSolar energy is © Heat is absorbed and © Heat is slowly emitted Increased temperatures (Donovan et al. 2022; Tsai et al. 2018; Wolf et al. emitted by the retained by dark, throughout the day and 4 discourage pedestrian traffic, 2020). Multiple studies emphasize the mental and sun. urban surfaces. evening,increasing negatively impacting the local temperatures. economy. physical health benefits of urban forest exposure (Taylor et al. 2015; Kardan et al. 2015). Trees contribute to an increased sense of community No trees and raise property values, as much as $12,624 to absorb 7- ---- _ auto emissions in Portland, while decreasing a property's time -_- on market by 1.7 days (Donovan 2010)*. Business revenue has also been shown to increase when -==tea = a quality urban forest canopy covers business a *rt. _ districts; shoppers are willing to pay 12% more in large cities and 9% more in small cities (Sander et 7 —A al. 2010; Wolf et al. 2020). Trees serve as essential �� tools for mitigating some of the greatest threats that urban environments face. Exhibit 2-2 further WITH TREES AND GREENERY describes various benefits that urban communities RESolar energy emitted by Shaded surfaces Auto emissions Cleaner air,cooler weather creates a receive from having a robust urban forest. the sun is partially © absorb and retain ©are partially 4 pedestrian-friendly environment absorbed by trees. less heat. absorbed by trees. positively impacting local businesses. *Price adjusted from$8,870 in 2010 to$12,624 in 2024 to account inflation,by the Consumer Price Index Inflation ,. Calculator(US Bureau of Labor Statistics 2024) --____- Trees serve as essential tools l► 1 ,MN. �� for mitigating some of the _ 4 greatest threats that urban *I environments face. 32 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Exhibit 2-2. Benefits of Trees H J_ m Q BENEFITS OF TREES IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT Z Q HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL/INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES N I— CLEANER AIRCI) SAVING ENERGY Trees absorb pollutants and filter Shade trees can lower air-conditioning ce particulates out of the air by trapping costs 56% annually, burning fewer Z them on their leaves and bark. fossil fuels. iii m ce CONNECTINGgo BEAUTY WITH NEIGHBORS Trees add character to city Trees can encourage civic streets and residential areas pride while tree plantings as they radiate with colors, provide opportunities for I flowers, textures, and shapes. community involvement. , RAINWATER0 c'"' FRESH FOOD • CAPTURE • - Trees provide food Trees capture �� in the form of fruits, rainfall, recharging �I � / nuts, leaves, bark, groundwater " / and roots. supplies and ,,y- ;, *, ,� help prevent .�`i; stormwater from k 4 ` carrying WILDLIFE HABITAT pollutants to the ocean. Trees support the lives of many 0;1SHADE wildlife and insect Trees cool cities by up to — species and provide . : 10°F and shaded areas HEALTHIER COMMUNITIES them with food, can be 20-40°F cooler fir I Trees improve mental health and shelter, and than peak libel public health by decreasing respiratory nesting sites. temperatures. . illnesses and encouraging outdoor recreation. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 133 TREEINVENTORY resilient urban forest: no more than 10% of any one genus and 5% of any one species should be represented in an inventory(Ball et al. 2007). SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS CLIMATE RESILIENCE Climate change is leading the Pacific Northwest region toward longer, The sustainability of urban forests can be measured using several dryer summers and shorter, wetter winters (Andrus 2021). These key indicators that include species diversity, climate resiliency, age conditions affect the traditional species within the region, such as distribution, tree condition, relative performance index(RPI), ecological western red cedar which have higher mortality rates than most other impact, tree vigor, canopy health, and importance value. Table 2-1 species. These longer, more intense periods of drought and more describes the thresholds and descriptions of these sustainability variable periods of precipitation, along with increased flooding, will metrics for the urban forest. These indicators can be measured make finding additional irrigation water a challenge and allocating accurately through a tree inventory that identifies a tree's species, funding for irrigation improvements for street trees a priority(McBride height, diameter at standard height(DSH), canopy health, condition, and Lacan 2018). The City can prepare for these expected changes and other attributes. An inventory can be used to guide management by selecting and planting species that are drought tolerant, resilient decisions and to create work plans and policy recommendations. to high heat events, and adapted to conditions of predicted future climate conditions. There are many considerations when looking at SPECIES DIVERSITY the climate appropriateness of urban tree species, including drought and shade tolerance, susceptibility to sun scald, and how well the tree The genus and species diversity of a tree inventory is an indicator species can manage increased heat. of overall resilience to threats. Because biological diversity is often regarded as the basis for ecological stability(Tilman and Downing 1994), urban forests with uniform tree species are more susceptible AGE DISTRIBUTION to catastrophic loss when invasive pests and pathogens enter a The most common and least invasive method to approximate the landscape or when significant weather events occur. Historical best age class of a living tree is to measure the trunk diameter at 4.5 practices for species diversity standards in public tree inventories of feet above the ground (Diameter at Standard Height; DSH) and infer directly managed street trees include a representation of no more general age based on trunk size. General age recommendations than 10% of any one species, 20% of any one genus, or 30% of any suggest an urban forest have a distribution of immature trees (40%) one family (Santamour 1990; Miller and Miller 1991; Richards 1993). to replace failing or aging ones, young (30%) and middle-aged (20%) With anticipated increased threats from invasive pests and pathogens, trees to provide the bulk of economic and environmental benefits, and using a more stringent metric is recommended for planning a more relatively fewer mature trees (10%)that have most of their life behind 34 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - J them but that provided significant environmental benefits for many higher risk of failure, Lake Oswego's natural areas need to manage m years (Morgenroth et al. 2020; Richards 1983). Since trees vary in a healthy population of snags. Z maximum stature and growth patterns, using DSH to determine age Q can only be considered an estimate. This age range ensures that a u) TREE VIGOR &CANOPY HEALTH D city will not see a massive age cohort die at once, leaving greater (r) H than 10% of the canopy missing for years to come. Tree vigor indicates overall health and resilience in terms of a tree's w capacity to grow and resist stress. Live crown ratio (LCR), the ratio of O TREE CONDITION AND RELATIVE PERFORMANCE INDEX live crown length to total tree height, or the percentage of a tree's u_ total height that has foliage, is the most useful indicator of tree Z a Tree condition ratings can show how individual trees are performing vigor. A tree with high vigor is a robust individual with a full, healthy co ce but do not aggregate performance by species. The RPI is used canopy, that has greater potential to resist stress, pest and disease D to better understand how individual species are performing and pressures, and reach its capable mature size to maximize benefits. identify species that may need further analysis to determine Conversely, a tree with low vigor has a declining canopy(i.e., crown appropriate management actions to improve health and inform dieback, thin or chlorotic foliage) and is more susceptible to stress, management decisions about which species may be less suitable pests and disease pressures, with less chance of long-term survival for future planting. Species RPI is calculated by taking the or ever maximizing benefits. percentage of trees in a single species that are assessed in good or better condition and dividing it by the percentage of all trees in the IMPORTANCE VALUE inventory that are assessed as being in a good or better condition. Tree species with an RPI of 1.0 or higher are performing as well or The importance value of trees is another way to measure a species' better than the tree inventory average, and tree species with an RPI total value to the City's urban forest and is calculated in i-Tree Eco less than 1.0 are performing below the tree inventory average. by combining the percentage of the species in the inventory and its corresponding percentage of leaf area. These two percentages are ECOLOGICAL IMPACT added together to determine the importance value of the species, which is a method used to stratify the City's various trees to set Certain tree species enable greater wildlife habitat, understory management goals. development, or other attributes that encourage an increase of desired wildlife. Incidence of tree species with greater ecological impact, such as regionally native species, can result in a greater abundance of various wildlife. Dead tree that are still standing, called snags, have their ecological uses as well. Snags provide nesting habitat and resources for various species. While snags are not desired within the Rights of Way or high traffic areas due to a LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 135 Table 2-1.Tree Inventory Sustainability Indicators Sustainability Recommended Metric Description Metrics The genus and species diversity of a directly managed street tree No more than 5%of one species inventory is an indicator of overall resilience to threats. Urban forests Species No more than 10%of one genus with uniform tree species are more susceptible to catastrophic loss Diversity No more than 20%of one family when invasive pests and pathogens enter a landscape or when significant weather events occur(Ball et al. 2007). A combination of shade, drought, and heat tolerance determines how well suited a species will be in predicted future climates. Some species can perform better in conditions that will be common Climate in the future.Trees that require a dense forest with shade, lower Resiliency Generally, in the Northern Hemisphere,the next temperatures, and more water will have a harder time establishing southern region species is considered acceptable and staying alive (Insight 2022)for integration into the current region's planting palette. 40%- Immature trees(1"—6" DSH) A diverse age range allows a city's urban forest to be resilient to 30%-Young trees(7"—16" DSH) events that can be catastrophic to one age range. (Morgenroth et al. Age Distribution 20%- Middle aged (17"—24" DSH) 2020). Diverse age class distribution also helps to maintain canopy 10%- Mature trees(25" DSH and greater) cover over time as trees naturally die. Tree Condition Used to better understand how individual species are performing and Relative and identify species that may need further analysis to determine Top six species have an RPI >1.0 Performance appropriate management actions to maintain vigor to improve health Index(RPI) and inform future planting palettes. 36 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - J_ m Sustainability Recommended Metric Description Z Metrics Q I- 0 Predominately native species with u) Certain tree species enable greater wildlife habitat, understory a diverse strata of overstory, understory and ground I— development,or other attributes that encourage an increase of w cover,free of invasive vegetation and including snags CC wildlife. Incidence of tree species with greater ecological Ecological (standing dead trees)where there is low risk to people 0 impact,such as regionally native species, can result in a greater Impact or property and downed woody debris that is in Z abundance of various wildlife. Layered canopy, understory Q contact with the forest floor and scattered rather than in vegetation and ground cover,snags and downed woody debris all cc piles. D provide important wildlife habitat. Species resilience,growing space and individual tree maintenance influence tree vigor and canopy health. Trees with low to moderate vigor and poor to fair canopy health are more susceptible to 80-100%Canopy: High Vigor and Good Health stress and pest and disease pressures and have a higher risk of Tree Vigor and 50-80%Canopy: Moderate Vigor and Fair Health mortality. Tree species have average growth rates for their historical Canopy Health <50%Canopy: Low Vigor and Poor Health locations. Factors such as the space to grow, sunlight or shade, soil compaction, health of the soil, and others will dictate how well a tree will grow.Tree vigor below its growth rate indicates a potential tree health issue. The importance value combines the percentage of the species in the Importance No established threshold, but the importance value population of city-owned trees with its corresponding percentage of Value helps indicate the resiliency of a city's canopy. leaf area to determine how important a given species is to an urban forest. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 37 INVENTORY BACKGROUND method for forested areas with dense numbers of trees and varying land topography; however, cities may prefer to use the sampling Between 2007 and 2008,the City completed a 5% sample inventory, method for street trees as well because the costs associated with described in the 2009 SURF Report(City of Lake Oswego 2009). this type of inventory are lower than a complete inventory. An estimated 40,327 trees comprised the street tree population. Other options include using aerial imagery and geographic The sample inventory included more than 100 species, but over 55% information system (GIS) processing to determine what is or is not of the sampled trees comprised 10 species, leaving the remaining a tree based on color bands that are trained to detect and isolate species poorly represented in the inventory analysis. similar bands. This is a top-down method of conducting tree Without an updated inventory, understanding current urban forest inventories and is generally faster and cheaper but less accurate. conditions and proactively managing the urban forest for predicted Top-down inventories are a good tool to identify general trends forest issues is difficult. The inventory can be used to guide within a landscape and answer questions that lead to further urban forest management, maintenance plans, develop a deeper investigation and produce better management prescriptions. understanding of green infrastructure disparity, and develop policies based on quantitative findings. RECOMMENDED INVENTORY APPROACH There are two standard methods for tree inventories, including a complete inventory and randomized sampling. A complete inventory The City's 2020 SCAP Natural Resources Goal 1 recommends involves data collection and assessment of all individual trees in a implementing a public tree inventory to monitor and inform given area or population of interest. The second option is a fixed- ongoing adaptive management. This goal was targeted to be radius stratified random plot sample where tree assessment and completed within a 4-year time frame. An inventory can guide data collection is limited to trees located within 37.2-foot radius the City's management practices to offsetting future loss of tree (0.1-acre) plots scattered across a defined area. The resulting data canopy. An inventory can help determine if one or more species provides a subset that is then extrapolated to fit the remaining are overrepresented, how current or predicted pests or pathogens land area within the same habitat type. The quantity of plots could impact the tree population, potential canopy loss due to poorly needed is variable, but generally, one-tenth-acre (1/10th) sized plots climate-adapted tree species, tree risk hazard and mitigation efforts representing 10% of all trees in a given area will provide sufficient to prevent tree failure and property damage, and age baseline for information for a statistically valid and cost-efficient inventory. Fewer the City's trees to prepare for new plantings and removals. plots may be needed in small areas, but a greater number of plots decreases error in the sample. The actual number of plots will be Exhibit 2-3 shows the city-wide tree canopy cover on city owned and determined using GIS once each area and homogenous habitat managed properties (' 8%), within public ROWs (' 12%), and on private type is identified, and based on budget constraints and an identified and non-city owned or managed public properties ("80%). Based acceptable level of error. Random sampling is often the preferred on the 5% sample inventory estimates (City of Lake Oswego 2009) 38 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- Exhibit 2-3. City of Lake Oswego Tree Canopy Cover =1 . , QC° -, • 1 '4' 1 ;,- - ._ ,•-,,V (i) — Aft, aikto•--- • ''C-:, ?-0,?..-:44--- (i) , igji•4141q , s,--- *91*-"•4„,- k . .... . . ....2 _, . „, ..._,_ ,... L . ce - --i ...-•" ;III ,..A. A'..a.... • -- . ., -1_,.. , / - .1 0 , 1-6tr, -7-.1,,ry e,tel rt , • Nti,.., it - -.• . •, '''' 4 _ . _ Z - - . -';'..--. ._:,- t • t. . ' 111 • :. f<t'i,4 . ..'. - D3 0„, :,..04, 'LfrOf**Ift __rae- tr. 1-tikA' : - ..,,ow 1 II '1''' 1 • _ '',,-.L...) -41et 'P ic F 1 '''. :'VP' 7"119'r - •3UI 11 111 1:,4_40../Nikil.:1114.116': 4.',7'.-Its‘'.ila,,- D i .`:-. 1,4'4 A',T.1- ' /611 ,, . , Voilt ":-:. •. . ,.-„ „„..-,-44-_,,,._U.,,..,;,,,...-!)114.:i...zt- . . I "4-',1;2", .., V•ii."44' - 7. 1-4 - ro, - • :b.., • -..-_,, ,r,;‘,74k1, le..,,6,1J., .: :.I) , -_, *. •- •:::40,4 .. • ,. „.....„ .. 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' ''''1'., --,, ' 1 a• 7 i . , e%.‘.:,,,,,,:,,,lik. -^'-- >,, , il: 'ljrretrr iiv 4_ 1". - '''- 41#,-,•W ifiali----' 4141ipViii:L _-r 4:tit elk,a• ;1 • A -, F.1.4- - .,,' r - .•'t1',,taVit' irfif Edo I Akt ..1 Aieji•V krallettii.ity.040• ., plE40tkiott,. ..A Fiv . ,,,..r.,, .i INIF, -g1 lb,0.- mi i‘i I • ,:-.-• :.'eft - ,,•„; ilei---*0 ,,..„....„ . ,.4; ii,,,s,..,...1_. •06 v .,ffOr ....,,,,444.,V,9s 3., -4:.1-..It.ic..- -•'If*" S, ,: , .1., y .,amir,.. Ali' ' re:•:0'I I 66,i -,%;`.. _. ',, . .. i,.....,!owe • itir,-,-k,_, .1E. #.081,,,,,.t. , rpriir: ite- .Ati_o_1(rox .c-,,i,i -1 ,4 , .--„ At 1 r Ai -,,ii .4-1 t;--..,-lid -.,--- /.,_ .. _0 T ,v ,,:t • , , • '- '-, sit' ,,,, ' ,,, ir ., .•c . 41,4 1 1___, . -- . 4 4.,e,4t..q A ; ..t,• , _ ,, t 4 4_, ,H........., _ t'4t‘kl- P , ---,---- •xii, •,...,----.14,---- 466 Iiiir•• F-isql) - • 51L ri - -,ill-7 ,,;,,-- .. R.4-44---- i vl-V• 4,- ery 5•4=---L.- F:41 —•" tijr1117 =City Owned and Managed Propert es(8%) = Public Rights-of-Way(125t) Private and Non City Owned or Managed Public Properties(807,)--::-r-nt flol 1--1 Lake Oswego City Bounoary Urban Se-vice Boundary N 0 0-'5 OS Z 75 1 Alit, f Source:City of Lake Oswego GIS Data. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 39 Table 2-2. Recommended Types of Inventories and Frequency by Tree Location Tree Location Type of Inventory Update frequency Developed City rights-of-way Complete inventory Every 5 years Developed parks Complete inventory Every 5 years (Parks with sidewalks, play structures, etc.) City properties Complete inventory Every 5 years (City hall, Luscher Farm, etc.) Undeveloped City rights-of-way 10% randomized sample Every 15 years (Forest patches on sides of roadways) City owned natural areas 10% randomized sample Every 15 years Table 2-3. Cost Estimates for the City of Lake Oswego's Inventory Inventory Option Size of Inventory Estimated Cost Estimated Total Sample inventory of undeveloped rights-of-way and City owned natural areas trees (10% sample 100 plots $100 per plot $10,000 size, approximately 1,000 acres)* Complete inventory 50,000 trees $5 per tree $250,000 Total $260,000 Notes:*1,000 acres of urban canopy,at 10% inventory=100 plots. Each plot is estimated to take 0.5 hours of sampling = 50 hours labor. Labor rate: $200/hour=$10,000. 40 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - and accommodating new tree planting and canopy growth over the _ w �,►�• ' T Q last 15 years, an estimated 50,000 trees are recommended to be ,y / �'` ,* . R inventoried along the City's developed ROWs, developed parks, and .. ,v_ ram" 4 ,• Q City properties. t•t!: '� 1 o o The recommended types of inventories are presented in Table 2-2. T4 "Ae'. '9 f �' ,u - Using two methods allows for a more accurate inventory for trees (* '- �� ' °�� j S, --if . r' . f w that have higher interaction with the public while lowering costs for • ' 41, , ' , ;� e a 4 • •:. •,�• larger forested areas. To prepare for the inventories, the City should +¢ • - ��►► u_ update its GIS layer that delineates categories of Developed ROW, .*A,: R �: , • • • - ..Pb- .. >s•1. t Z p Y g p r • Developed Parks, Undeveloped ROW, and Natural Areas to clarify - * r -, " . ?' : m the inventory collection procedures. Table 2-3 provides estimatedce •;f " . - costs associated with the inventory. �. • ,:K.a !. • - • .1 rfrIfir • or OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRIVATE TREE INVENTORY ��. '� Trees on city owned property and in public ROWs comprise 20% of *..4 .,,,* _ , : .; - , �- _ -. . the city-wide tree canopy cover, while the other 80% of tree canopy c.rit •..• + • �c -, _., is on private property and non-city owned or managed property. r•' ' / �' r' Other organizations, universities, and Oregon Metro have made ' ~ r 1' 014 _ ,•. „` i efforts in both Lake Oswego and the region to inventory trees ;- : -• ,• ''on private property. Oswego Lake Watershed Council launched i * . ' ,r LOTree, a community science program that trains volunteers to '�- r w ' collect tree attribute information on private property. These efforts •fo s have generated data on hundreds of trees in the area. Oregon Metro `'s. I, F. .j v L• • 1 •f and Oswego Lake Watershed Council have collaborated to identify ,' , k. the locations of Oregon white oaks (Quercus garryana),through both • • Y _if. ,, on-the-ground efforts and aerial imagery modeling. During the City's -, a)- - _ inventory efforts, mechanisms to analyze private property inventory :'-- Vk. -;iv�� •,j A'o` ' � � o j data alongside City-managed tree inventory data could be explored *1, 4- `_ ;: to further understand the overall health, resilience, and management ' # • '-• r • needs of the community's entire urban forest. ,' z ,• f'.,-.•._= , c +c.. . k r. • LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 141 PESTMANAGEMENT AND the City's urban forest and includes associated management recommendations and resources for further information. Any INVASIVE SPECIES PREPAREDNESS suspected identifications of these species should be reported to the Oregon Invasive species hotline. The Oregon Department of The City's pest, disease, and invasive species risk varies based on Forestry and Oregon Department of Agriculture have prepared an several different factors. Environmental stressors such as drought, Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon (ODF extreme heat, or heavy rains can create conditions that provide an and ODA 2021)to be used as a guide for response to this species. ideal opportunity for pests and pathogens to infest susceptible trees. Certain tree genera or species are known to be at increased risk to To better understand the urban forest's pest risk, a pest risk particular pests and pathogens; this is a good reason to increase assessment was completed, generated from the Washington species diversity, but also to understand what percentage of these Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Urban Forest Pest trees species comprise the City's urban forest through inventory and Readiness Playbook, summarized in Table 2-5. For a complete analysis. assessment, refer to Appendix B: Pest Risk Assessment. The benchmarks in the table are based on "a hypothetical assessment of a community engaged in a mid-range planning effort who has INVASIVE PESTS demonstrated institutional buy-in to pest readiness" (Washington DNR 2019). The benchmarks are not intended to be a grade for a A forest is greater than just its trees, as with any major change within community's compliance with state or federal regulations, but a the forest, whether reduced canopy, species diversity, or having measurement of progress on improving pest risk. The City exceeds enough space for individual trees to thrive, forest understory is benchmarks for Capacity to Support a Response, Ability to Expediate impacted by changes that pests can have on a forest. A fractured Informed Decision Making, and Community Support to Expand forest that comes from invasive pests create vulnerabilities that allow Impact. The City falls below the benchmark for Understanding Risk, invasive plants to gain a foothold and begin expanding. which further underscores the need for an updated inventory. Currently, the City does not implement a formal preventative pest - and pathogen treatment program and manages infestations on a case-by-case basis. The City's Parks & Recreation staff conducts routine management in several parks to address known invasive S • plant species issues and has worked with local watershed councils to remove invasive plants through the Habitat Enhancement Program. , , The City has also begun preventative emerald ash borer (EAB; 'x :.ir Agrilus planipennis)treatments on selected ash trees in Foothills ;fr. Park. Table 2-4 presents a list of important pests that threaten 14`9* 0� - ' 42 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - Table 2-4. Important Invasive Pest and Pathogens that Threaten the City of Lake Oswego's Trees m Q Common Scientific Important Signs and Symptoms Management Actions Resources Z Name Name Host Q Species v7 u) I— (1 • Review the Oregon CC • Crown dieback Emerald Ash Borer 2 https://extension. • D-shaped holes made by Action Plan for detailed Z oregonstate.edu/ Q Emerald ash Agrilus emerging adult beetles management actions CO Ash collection/emerald-ash- CC borer planipennis • Bark splits • Report any individuals D borer-resources • Epicormic shoots to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline • Dieback of entire branch https://www.oregon.gov/ or portion of canopy • Report any individuals odf/Documents/ • Pale-colored boring dust Mediterranean Xyleborus to the Oregon Invasive forestbenefits/fact-sheet- Oak along trunk or base oak borer monographus Species Hotline prior to mediterranean-oak-borer. • Black-stained branching wood disposal pdf galleries in sapwood A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 43 Common Scientific Important Signs and Symptoms Management Actions Resources Name Name Host Species • No chemical control • On bark,cankers form Oak, larch, measures available and often "bleed" on the https://catalog.extension. big leaf • Infected plants should trunks and branches; oregonstate.edu/ maple, be removed and Sudden oak Phytophthora droplets of dark reddish- sites/catalog/files/ Oregon disposed death ramorum brown liquid project/pdf/ec1607. myrtle, • Report any individuals • Cankers will girdle trunk or pdf Pacific to the Oregon Invasive branch,causing death madrone Species Hotline Over 200 • Defoliation of trees,often https://www.oregon. plant species repeated from year to year • Kill adults and squish or gov/oda/shared/ including • 1-inch brown and fuzzy scrape any egg masses Documents/ Lymantria Spongy moth oak, elm, egg masses on tree trunks • Report any individuals Publications/IPPM/ dispar birch,apple, • Caterpillars that dangle to the Oregon Invasive SpongyMothFactSheet. pine, and on silks and have red and Species Hotline pdf maple blue dots when large Over 300 plant • Pheromone lure species, • Skeletonized leaves • Bag-a-bug traps(away including • Defoliation from plants) https://www. Japanese Popillia trees, • Green and brown adult • Report any individuals japanesebeetlepdx.info/ beetle japonica ornamental scarabs to the Oregon Invasive faq.html shrubs, Species Hotline vegetables, and grasses 44 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I— J Common Scientific Important Signs and Symptoms Management Actions Resources Q Name Name Host z Species Q v7 3 • Spores of this pathogen u) I— are harmful to humans, w • Numerous small dead and personal protective O twigs on one side of the equipment(gloves, u_ Maples, trunk goggles, and face mask) Z https://pnwhandbooks. Q Pacific • Epicormic shoots should be worn when cc Sooty bark Cryptostroma org/plantdisease/host- dogwood, • Bark blisters or dark removing trees D disease corticale disease/maple-acer-spp- and horse patches • Remove and burn sooty-bark-disease chestnut • Bark cracks or peeling infected plant material park • Report any suspected cases to the Oregon Invasive Species Hotline A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 45 Table 2-5. Results of the City of Lake Oswego's Pest Risk Assessment* Topic Risk of Falling Below Benchmark Benchmark Lake Oswego's Score Understanding Risk Not knowing/understanding the natural resource(s) that need protection and the risk to those resources Tree resources, pests of concern, 12 8increases vulnerability to tree loss and pest risk analysis, pest pathways, pest introductions. prevention Capacity to Support a Response Disorganized planning processes drain local resources Emergency preparedness, response and decrease your ability to effectively respond to 8 10 experience, knowing who to call, pests and protect natural resources. supporting organizations, sufficient funding, tree management Ability to Expedite Informed Decision- Making Misinformed or slow-paced decision-making diminishes your ability to effectively respond to pests and protect 7 10 Urban forestry staff, local authority, natural resources. permitting process, leadership Community Support to Expand Impact Poor communication, adversarial relationships with community members, and/or inexperienced team Diverse team, messaging, public 4 6 members make it increasingly difficult to detect and awareness, early detection respond to pest threats. *Note: The Pest Assessment was completed by the consultant team, with review by the City's Planning Department, Consulting Arborist, and the UCFP's Technical Advisory Committee. 46 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - J INVASIVE PLANTS �. . � a • 4 Z Invasive plants tend to dominate plant communities, crowding out ,/ r'� other native plants. They generally have low value to wildlife, and i . ., some are considered harmful to humans. Table 3-6 lists notable • 'r - ' . I— invasive plant species that threaten the City's trees, as specified 1�' cri by Clackamas Soil and Water Conservation District's WeedWise . , t` } 0 It is important to note that this table does not include the 12 4ilk '- -- 4l , . x LL program. p .4 %�, Z species of trees on the City's invasive tree list (City of Lake Oswego t ,' "f' Q 2023b), which require a no-cost invasive tree species removal }.�„,_ ' 4 m permit through the Planning Department before removal. The Parks y .. & Recreation Department and many volunteers and community ;-- groups spend thousands of hours manually removing ivy and other ledlidir - - . 1 ,' invasive plants in the City's urban forest. These efforts are detailed �t on pages 14-16 of the 2022 State of the Urban Forest Report. The most prevalent species are English ivy (Hedera helix) and Himalayan :1-'4 blackberry(Rubus armeniacus). The City has established several . working groups to combat their spread and has made measurable progress toward this goal. With so much focus on the worst • + offenders, other invasives also need to be addressed. The most s i prevalent that can be handled by working groups are scotch broom 1�; ` (Cytisus scoparius) and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), both of 1111 which will grow faster than native plants and prevent smaller native y► ...��4 r , plants from getting enough resources. Additional species of concern 4 j' • y are included in Clackamas Soil and Water Conservation District's Woody Weeds of Clackamas County Guide (Lesh 2019) and the Oregon Department of Agriculture's regional invasive species lists, mi.ii 11 which are updated periodically and reviewed by City staff each year. liplitt. 1}; LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 147 Table 2-6. Important Invasive Plant Species that Threaten the City of Lake Oswego's Trees Common Scientific Forest-Related Impacts Management Actions Resources Name Name • Manual removal with hands, saws, loppers, and clippers is • Weighs down large trees making the most effective means of them more susceptible to failure control. • Smothers forest floor vegetation. • English ivy is resistant to https://weedwise. • Rapid and intense vegetative growth chemical control methods. English ivy Hedera helix conservationdistrict.org/ • Can serve as a reservoir for • An acre of ivy-infested forest english-ivy pathogens takes approximately 300 hours • Increases erosion of labor for initial clearing. • Prioritize critical sites for removal. • Manual removal with loppers • Highly invasive plant that displaces and saws is the most effective native vegetation means of control. https://weedwise. • Spent canes may serve as fuels for • Brush mowing of large Himalayan Rubus conservationdistrict.org/ wildfire infestations must be repeated blackberry armeniacus himalayan-blackberry • Dense,thorny thickets make sites frequently. inaccessible to people and animals • Herbicides may be necessary to control a dense infestation. • Hand pull,taking care to fully remove the taproot. https://weedwise. • Severely reduces biodiversity in • Target second year plants to conservationdistrict.org/ Alliaria forests Garlic mustard prevent seed production. management/ petiolata • Outcompetes native plants for light • Bag removed material and garlic-mustard dispose(do not compost). 48 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- - J Common Scientific Forest-Related Impacts Management Actions Resources Z Name Name Q v7 • Hand pull seedlings and D u) shrubs in Jan—May. I— • Grows rapidly and forms dense U) • Cut more established shrubs https://weedwise. w stands back during Jul—Aug before conservationdistrict.org/ p Cytisus • Prevents reforestation by out- w Scotch broom seed pods mature. management/ scoparius competing conifer seedlings Z • Mowing can be effective but scotch-broom Q • Increases risk and intensity of fires m must be repeated biweekly for cc adequate control. • Hand pull ground plants, taking care to completely • Perennial,climbing vine that can remove roots. grow 10 feet per year and up to 90 https://weedwise. • Cut vines growing on trees— feet in height conservationdistrict. Old man's the plant needs its ground Clematis • Densely blankets the ground, org/clvi6#::text beard/ roots to survive and will die vitalba shading out understory plants =Description%3A end%20 clematis above the cut. • Can cause tree failure if left of%20 20the%20 • Bag all rooted plant material unmanaged Willamette%20Valley and dispose as yard waste, do not compost at home. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 49 3 URBAN FOREST MANAGEMENT TREEMANAGEMENT PRACTICES occurs without tree removal, requiring street trees is an opportunity to increase trees planted with minimal added burden The following section reviews the management practices of the to City staff. City's Urban and Community Forestry Program. Current levels of Planting trees with the largest mature stature suitable for the tree management practices were measured against industry and available planting space is preferred. Selecting large-stature International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) BMPs and American trees may reduce the quantity of trees planted; however, large- National Standards Institute standards. Gaps in management stature trees provide more canopy cover and associated benefits practices were identified, and recommendations to improve urban at maturity than small-stature trees and should be prioritized for forest sustainability and resilience through tree care activities planting when space allows. City staff understand the increase in follow. Current management of trees located in public ROWs is benefits provided when planting large-stature trees and have the in response to requests or storm-related events and is therefore authority to condition large-stature tree species when there is a considered reactive management, but proactive tree planting and suitable site for a large-stature tree. restoration has been a focus in parks and natural areas. Tree canopy from private property trees contributes to "80% of canopy cover in the City. Tree selection,tree planting, and the Tree Planting "right tree, right place" concept support managing tree canopy for Tree planting was a major focus in the City's parks and natural the City. "Right tree, right place" should be considered for each areas between 2017 and 2021, evidenced by the net 25,821 trees viable planting site, with a goal to encourage planting large-stature planted. The 2020 SCAP stated goals related to urban forestry in trees on private property. the "Protecting Natural Resources" category but does not provide The NAHMP (City of Lake Oswego 2022b) outlines goals to a goal for tree planting. manage existing wildlife corridors or utilize native trees to create When tree removal permits are approved, mitigation trees are wildlife corridors. Selecting trees to create wildlife corridors and required for Type II permits,verification permits, and some framing tree planting in this area as a habitat restoration initiative invasive tree permits. If no trees are removed for development, further supports the goals of the NAHMP and increases native tree there is generally no tree planting requirement, unless the benefits to the region. Selecting the right tree for the right place development site is located in the R-6 zone, is part of a land in this context is imperative, but when analyzing species diversity division, or located in a design district. Providing guidelines of for the City's entire urban forest, diversity goals should align with what trees may be appropriate for the site and assigning the BMPs to foster a resilient urban forest. applicant of the removal permit the responsibility for planting and Current practice: The City plants new trees each year in maintaining mitigation trees for a specified period will ensure lost public ROWs and in park lands. When tree removal permits canopy cover from tree removal is mitigated. If new development LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 151 are approved, mitigation tree(s) are required for Type II permits, 15%to 55%, with an average of 31% (Nowak et al. 1996). In forested verification permits, and some invasive tree permits. The cities, park and vacant lands had the highest percent tree cover. City prioritizes maintaining existing wildlife corridors and has Cities in historically forested regions should strive to have a canopy guidelines for native tree selection to promote habitat restoration of at least 40%-60% (Leahy 2017). through the NAHMP. The 2022 SURF report identified that the City's current canopy Recommended practice: Update the 2020 SCAP Protecting cover is 53.4%, which increased from 48.6% in 2009. This canopy Natural Resources category to mirror the goals in this UCFP cover percentage may not be capturing current tree planting efforts to specify tree planting goals. Utilize the concept of"right in park lands, as the 10-foot LiDAR data was not able to detect these tree, right place" to strategically implement habitat restoration new plantings. As such, canopy cover percentage may continue to goals outlined in the NAHMP, such as enhancement of wildlife grow over time. corridors between parks. Private property is often involved when increasing shade in riparian areas. To encourage tree planting The City's commitment to comply with its temperature requirements in these areas, provide community education and outreach from Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is to perform a about the importance of streamside shade and wildlife corridors. canopy cover analysis every five years to track progress towards Consider species diversity for the greater urban forest when canopy cover goals. Canopy cover for the City is the highest in the planting trees outside of natural areas. Require street trees as region among comparable cities (City of Lake Oswego 2022a), and a part of development to increase canopy with little additional tree protection, tree planting efforts, and requiring mitigation trees burden for City staff. Provide guidelines for private property for tree removal are all actions that help manage canopy cover over owners and developers including BMPs for species selection, time. tree planting, and "right tree, right place" to prioritize large- Although overall canopy cover increased in all neighborhoods from stature trees to support maintaining canopy cover percentage. 2014 to 2019, and 50% of census block groups in the City have All departments involved in tree planting should follow ISA achieved Street Tree Equity based on their 40% urban tree canopy BMPs for tree planting, and City staff should ensure contractors benchmark, the other 50% of census block groups have not met and in-house staff follow these planting standards to support the 40% benchmark goal (City of Lake Oswego 2022a). Focusing establishment in the landscape. tree planting efforts in the areas that have not met the goal can contribute to equitable distribution of canopy cover throughout the Using Canopy Cover as Goal Metric City; however, the majority of the block groups with the lowest tree equity score are located along the west side of the city and have Canopy cover refers to the layer of leaves, branches, and stems that significant portions that are unincorporated. The 2021 Effective provide tree coverage of the ground when viewed from above. Two Shade Report(City of Lake Oswego 2021) identifies additional areas important factors that impact the amount of potential canopy cover for the City to plant trees along riparian corridors. are the natural environment and land use. Cities that developed in naturally forested areas range in canopy cover percentage from 52 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I— Z The City's on-going tree planting and tree protection efforts will While utilizing canopy cover as snapshot of overall success, other u_i 2 be captured in the canopy cover analysis. The canopy cover data- metrics that are not as easy to summarize are relevant, and should u_i gathering LiDAR flight is generally scheduled to occur every five be measured and analyzed, including the health of the individual Z years, with the next flight expected in 2024 or 2025, and analysis tree, wildlife diversity, desired forest understory, and water quality Q to follow. Utilizing canopy cover percentage as the progress and and soil health. These additional metrics all have the capacity to be H success measuring metric ensures shade increase goals and measured during the inventory collection happening on a periodic u) u_i equitable canopy cover goals are met and allows for further goal basis. Every layer of data added has the potential to highlight zones ce O setting. Utilizing canopy cover percentage also shows growth of within the urban forest as hot spots, high risk zones, or an area in u_ canopies over time on both private and public land, giving a fuller need of more management resources. Q picture of the City's overall tree canopy. ce Should the City choose to increase and maintain canopy cover to D Current practice: The City has a canopy cover percentage of 55% over time,the City would be a leader in canopy cover through 53.4%, which has increased since 2009. Canopy cover studies forested regions. Private property continues to be an opportunity to are performed every five years or so based on the availability of increase canopy cover and educating residents about the benefits regional high-resolution aerial imagery and LiDAR data and are of large-stature trees, benefits of shade trees in riparian areas, and used to assess City-wide canopy cover. 50% of census block the Habitat Enhancement Program, as well as providing guidelines groups in the City have achieved Street Tree Equity based on for "right tree, right place," would support long-term management of the 40% urban tree canopy benchmark, and the 2021 Effective the high percentage of private property canopy cover. Shade Report identified how more trees along riparian corridors will help the City achieve freshwater biodiversity goals. Establishment Care Recommended practice: Continue to use canopy cover as a Establishment tree care includes staking, mulching, watering, and success measuring metric of urban forest goals. To increase young tree structural pruning. Establishing a newly planted tree equitable canopy cover, target areas with lower canopy cover in the landscape is the first step in ensuring the tree survives. To that were identified in the 2022 SURF. Target increasing tree minimize transplant shock and support healthy growth of the root canopy in areas identified by the 2021 Effective Shade Report structure and therefore tree stability, within the first two years and provide education on the values of trees planted in these of planting, supplemental watering and proper installation and areas to private landowners. When the next canopy cover removal of stakes may be necessary. Young tree structural pruning assessment is completed, evaluate canopy cover to determine (the removal of defects to optimize branching structure) reduces the if an increase is necessary, or if management of the future likelihood of failure from improper branch attachments and unstable percentage is an adequate goal. Consider assessing additional branching structure as the tree matures. Young tree pruning also canopy cover metrics, such as overall health and fragmentation, allows a tree to compartmentalize wounds faster than a mature and use the Oregon Department of Forestry's statewide tree, decreasing the time frame the tree is vulnerable to pests and assessment tool as it becomes available. disease through the pruning wound. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 153 Current practice: The responsibility for establishment care falls inventoried, a cyclical pruning cycle can be established for trees to on the entity who planted the tree. When trees are planted by be pruned every five to seven years, reflecting the industry BMPs City staff,the City is responsible for all tree care for the first one for a safe urban forest. Since the City does not maintain most street to three years of the tree's life, depending on the department and trees, a pruning cycle for street trees is not applicable. The City does project. After this establishment period,tree care responsibilities not have an established pruning cycle for City-maintained trees in for trees planted in the ROWs generally fall to the adjacent parks and other City facilities. A complete tree inventory allows for property owner. This transfer of responsibility is not widely proactive management by establishing which trees are the City's understood among residents or City staff. Consequently,the City responsibility to manage them, informing areas of improvement in inconsistently maintains some trees post-establishment but not tree care, and ensuring that benefits lost with tree removals are others. replaced for the City and its community. The City hosts annual workshops on tree protection and removal regulations. Ensuring The City actively promotes education materials for young all materials used in these workshops adhere to ISA BMPs and tree care, including information about tree selection, proper monitoring or checking contractor work for quality control will help planting, staking, watering, and pruning. The Parks & Recreation the City maintain safe trees with proper pruning cuts, allowing for Department has considered developing a young tree structural compartmentalization of wounds. pruning program, but it is not currently implemented. Current practice: After the establishment period, trees in the Recommended practice: Any City planted tree receives ROWs are to be maintained by the abutting property owner. establishment care for the first three years after planting. After Topping permits are granted only to utility companies, when this period,the maintenance responsibility shifts to the property necessary, to avoid contact between vegetation and utility lines. owner. At that time, adjacent property owners need adequate notification that City-planted trees will become their responsibility Recommended practice: Use the tree inventory proposed to maintain. Continue to promote educational materials to property in Section 2 to identify all trees that the City is responsible owners about young tree care, tree selection, proper planting, for maintaining. Establish a five to seven year pruning cycle staking, watering, pruning, and mulching. for all City-managed trees in ROWs, in the high-use areas of developed parks, and City facilities. Adjust urban forestry Tree Pruning funding to accommodate for pruning cycle. Host an workshops for contractors with ISA BMPs for tree pruning and monitor for Section 2: Urban Forest Sustainability describes the recommended quality. The City should develop a clear definition for situations tree inventory approach for the City. A tree inventory allows the City where the City will assist a community member with tree to identify publicly owned and maintained trees to allow for efficient maintenance. The City should circulate resources to community management of trees, plan for tree planting and tree care, and allows members to encourage proper tree care, such as guidance on the City to provide further analysis of tree assets. When trees are proper tree pruning, pruning frequency, and a list of local tree 54 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE >- care companies. It is recommended that the City limits topping Tree Removal and Mitigation by utility companies as much as possible. In some cases, it may m Lake Oswego Code Chapter 55 regulates tree removals through Q be beneficial to encourage removal of trees that do not belong Z under utility lines and to plant mitigation trees utilizing the various tree permits outlined in Section 5.1: Municipal Code. Only concept of"right tree, right place" by planting trees that remain Type II and Verification tree removal permits require tree-for-tree j small at maturity under power lines. mitigation, or an in-lieu fee if staff determines there is insufficient cn space to replant on site. The City tracks the number of tree removals v) for all permit types, as well as the number of mitigation trees planted ce Tree Risk Assessment for Type II and Verification tree removal permits. Inspections for 0 proper mitigation from Type II removals are performed at random Z A tree risk assessment program enables a City to practice Q proactive management by assessing trees that may have an for single-family landowners but are conducted for all permits co elevated level of risk and potentially provide risk abatement efforts associated with development. Tree removal guidelines are found 3 prior to an emergency. A tree risk assessment program allows in multiple locations and can cause confusion for residents as managing departments to identify trees and areas with potential they seek information on removals. On city owned and managed for elevated risk and prioritize tree removal or treatment based on property, the ratio of planted trees to removed trees by the City from risk assessment. High risk trees should be replaced as they are 2017 to 2021 was about 18 to 1, with 27,356 trees planted and 1,535 removed. An inventory that includes a Level 1 Tree Risk Assessment trees removed during that period (City of Lake Oswego 2022a). In will provide information on areas that may be at higher risk and can 2022, the City planted 1,147 trees and removed 256 trees (4:1) and in be targeted for increased risk reduction methods. The ISA qualifies 2023, the City planted 10,553 trees and removed 119 trees (88:1). professionals as Tree Risk Assessment Qualified arborists. Using From 2020 through 2023, an annual average of 1,349 tree removal this framework, an ISA tree risk program provides a systematic applications were approved, and an average of 3,023 trees were process of assessment and provides mitigation options that may permitted for removal each year. Type II and verification permits retain trees by reducing levels of risk. account for 30% of the quantity of trees permitted for removal Current practice: The City does not currently have a tree risk during this 4-year period, yet these are the only permit types that currently require mitigation planting, except for invasive tree species assessment program. permits in limited circumstances. Over this four-year period, a total Recommended practice: Implement a tree risk assessment of 3,581 mitigation trees were required for the removal of 3,661 program following the ISA BMP for Qualitative Tree Risk trees permitted for removal under Type II and Verification permits, Assessment to provide a systematic tree risk abatement process along with 367 (9%) payments into the Tree Fund in-lieu of planting. to protect more trees in the City. Note that the total mitigation trees planted plus tree fund payments exceeds the total count of trees permitted for removal because 2:1 mitigation is required for removal of"significant trees" for the A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 155 purposes of development. Data on the quantity of mitigation trees Lands Code, but current practices lack consistency between required for invasive tree species removal permits is unknown. implementation of the Tree Code, especially in uplands. City staff have noted challenges in determining which kind of tree removal Despite the lower percentage of trees permitted for removal is permitted in Sensitive Lands. The TMDL Implementation Plan under Type II and verification permits relative to all other permit explains the role vegetation and trees can play in improving types, Type II and verification permits are the only removals that water quality and provides additional educational opportunities require mitigation, except for invasive tree species permits in through the Watershed Councils and the Habitat Enhancement limited circumstances. When mitigation is required, large-stature Program. The Lake Oswego Comprehensive Plan, Healthy tree species are required as a condition of approval, where site Ecosystems chapter, encourages protection and enhancement of conditions allow, to prioritize canopy cover and associated benefits existing vegetation including mature trees and native plants and received from large stature trees. Paying a Tree Fund fee in lieu recommends development of educational outreach materials and of planting is only allowed when growing space limitations will not programs that emphasize the importance of trees. This section accommodate healthy tree establishment. outlines the importance of updating the Tree Code but does not The City and the State of Oregon consider freshwater streams high- provide specific goals, ratios, or guidelines that support these priority areas for habitat enhancement(City of Lake Oswego 2018; recommended actions. Sensitive ecological areas, such as riparian Oregon Department of Forestry 2022). Tree removal in riparian habitats, are especially important when protecting existing trees and areas, coupled with rising air temperature trends, may result in ensuring removed trees are mitigated in the same area. Strategically freshwater areas that are above habitable temperatures for salmon planting trees along stream corridors was identified as a priority rearing and migration. The City acknowledges the importance of by the Oregon Department of Forestry and by the City's TMDL trees as temperature buffers in riparian zones, especially those on Implementation Plan, as watershed health is significant to the City the south and west sides of streams, where they provide optimal and its constituents. shade against the afternoon sun (City of Lake Oswego 2018). Current practice: The City provides several types of tree According to findings in the City's 2021 Effective Shade Report, removal permits. Mitigation trees are required for Type II and vegetation disturbance and removal along riparian corridors is a Verification permits, and only in limited circumstances for invasive primary threat to freshwater habitat. These findings suggest that tree species removal permits. For all other tree removals, no current tree protections may not be sufficient in protecting the City's mitigation trees are required to be planted. The City has planted freshwater habitats. The City's tree policies regarding riparian trees more trees than it has removed from city owned and managed should be amended to reflect the City's effective shade goals set properties every year for at least the last seven years. When forth in the City's TMDL Implementation Plan. For more information tree removal permits are approved, large stature tree species about tree policy recommendations, see Section 5.1: Municipal Code are recommended for mitigation if appropriate for the site. and Appendix C: Municipal Code Redline. Information for tree removals is found in multiple places, causing The City recognizes the shade and cooling benefits of trees in confusion. riparian zones and provides protection through the Sensitive 56 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I— Z w Recommended practice: Collect all tree removal policy into creating a wood product out of removed wood are all methods to w one chapter of a document. Require mitigation for all types of further sequester carbon and utilize natural resources to their next Q tree removal permits, with allowed exceptions (in-lieu fee or highest use. Z waivers)when the site cannot accommodate a mitigation tree. 2 Tree debris sent to landfill for disposal generates greenhouse Continue to require Tree Fund payments in lieu of mitigation i- planting for Type II and Verification permits when mitigation gas emissions through need of transport, incurs disposal costs w ce for the City, and removes an opportunity to utilize tree debris planting is not practical. Support and expand the current practice 0 of recommending the largest-stature mitigation tree for tree material within the local landscape. City staff are interested in Z removals by developing a policy. Expand the native species developing standards for internal operations of tree debris disposal. m tree mitigation list to include non-native but climate adapted The simplest reutilization of tree maintenance debris is typically ce species. Add vine maple to the native species tree mitigation chipping for mulch. Mulch chips in public spaces and for tree wells list to allow a small stature and highly beneficial alternative to help rebuild soil structure as the mulch decays. Improved soil native dogwood. Establish guidelines for spending Tree Fund structure helps a tree absorb nutrients and water throughout its life, payments on tree planting, care, and maintenance, including a increasing tree longevity. program to support tree giveaways to private property owners. Tree debris management has various considerations depending on Update the Tree Code to support goals identified in the TMDL the intended next use, including potential pest infestations and the Implementation Plan and the Comprehensive Plan's Healthy condition of tree debris. With increased concern of invasive pests Ecosystems chapter by providing specific guidelines, ratios, and spreading to unimpacted areas, if a removed tree is identified as actions for the community to support shared goals. Manage, infested, proper disposal procedures are a necessity. Urban wood update in policy, and clarify for staff the tree protection policies reuse of infested tree debris is often limited to mulch, as the priority for trees in sensitive freshwater habitat areas, such as riparian is to limit the spread of pests. However, depending on the pest, zones, and for trees that provide shade for aquatic habitat in solar treating, kiln drying, or chipping debris are important control ephemeral streams and storm drains and consistently implement methods to prevent further spread. Identifying the pest will inform the Sensitive Lands Ordinance. disposal management practices to limit spread. When tree debris is collected from storm damage, usage is also limited to mulch. Wood Disposal and Reuse Both pest-infested trees and storm damage debris can be utilized as mulch if proper treatment is performed prior to utilizing in the Trees sequester and store carbon as they mature. Once a tree is landscape. removed from the landscape, decay of wood releases carbon back into the atmosphere. Preserving standing dead trees (snags) with Utilizing tree maintenance debris as mulch continues to store negligible risk potential as wildlife habitat, converting removed carbon, increasing the longevity of the carbon sequestration material into mulch chippings, processing mulch into biochar, or benefits of the City's tree inventory. By utilizing tree debris as mulch, the City can increase diversion from landfill, decrease A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 157 transportation emissions, and utilize removed trees as a bioresource. framework for future discussions in urban forest management, such Utilizing tree debris within the local environment in which the tree as those about which trees to include in the inventory and budget matured creates an urban forest story: a City of Lake Oswego tree allocations. providing benefits throughout its biological life and continuing to provide benefits through its next usage. ! . ` Current practice: The City currently does not have a standard �t > a b �. practice for disposal of tree maintenance debris. However, the .,,t:ifC+ + ,�>� �. ' Department of Parks and Recreation creates mulch from their tree -- debris. » �,7 4I Recommended practice: Create a tree debris utilization � ` �� �y '� x; program that helps retain carbon sequestration benefits and w � provides hyperlocal bioresources to the community. Utilize tree �' . " - maintenance debris for mulching publicly owned trees and ♦ . develop a program for community members to pick up mulch 4t" ;` > �, r�`� produced by the City to use on trees on private property. Tree '� F- r �,,,, �y i ._, debris collected from storm damage or with known pests should 1, 1,r 'i be treated prior to utilizing as landscape mulch. .,fro w, �I, ., E. , ,,," � , 6:w• w tw ,,, MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ..• , �-° < ,, ti. RESPONSIBILITIES ._;' ,_ "' -'. ' . g "' The 2007 UCFP included a goal to clarify the management ; `� f r , 1°, responsibilities of departments regarding management of trees ;fir; ` �r a in the ROWs (Strategic Plan Goal B1). There is still a discrepancy • i 1 : "` between departments regarding management responsibilities. ' > 1. "''aii>. ; Achieving the goal of clarification requires an ongoing dialogue � ,� i - :i between all tree-management departments to establish a common -' 3 __', 4�` le,, + , goal for tree management, define the City's scope of management ' 4.1 4 responsibility, and delineate roles on a department and staff level. �' . The outcome of this conversation will serve as a foundationalc. _; ,‘'" . 58 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I— Z FUNDING Parks & Recreation's top three contracted tree activities include tree w 2 removal,tree pruning, and invasive species removal. Public Works' w 0 top contracted activities are tree removal, storm cleanup, and tree Q The 2021-2023 biennium budget related to tree management Z is shown in Table 3-1 and is derived from several sources. The planting. All of the Planning Department's contracted work is spent Q on private property and planning activities. operating budget was approximately$2,127,802, with $170,000 i- for in-house services, $1,103,802 for in-house salaries related to It is difficult to determine if the City's urban forestry budget is iii ce tree work, and $854,000 for contractor services. Tables 3-2 and sufficient to cover its current and future tree activity needs without 0 3-3 further breakdown the tree management activities that are additional data. A public tree inventory can help the City create a Z attributed to in-house employees and contractors and calculate the management plan that covers needs of an aging tree population, for m ce estimated budget spent on each activity. These tables provide a example. According to staff interviews, several departments noted j baseline for the City's current departmental distribution of work and that their budget was adequate for their current needs. However, show where the activities differ between departments. The Parks & this Plan highlights areas where tree management activities may be Recreation Department's top three in-house tree activities include strengthened, improved, or clarified, which will result in a need for tree removal, tree planting, and storm cleanup, while in-house Public additional budget and staff time. Works staff spend most of their time on storm cleanup (Table 3-4). Table 3-1. 2021-2023 Biennium Budget Related to Tree Management and City of Lake Oswego Funding Sources In-House Allocation Contractor Allocation Funding Source Parks& Recreation Public Works Parks & Recreation Public Works Planning General Fund $ 124,000 $ 0.00 $313,000 $101,000 $ 180,000 Street Fund $ 0.00 $ 46,000 $ 0.00 $260,000 $ 0.00 Subtotal $ 124,000 $46,000 $313,000 $361,000 $ 180,000 Staff Salaries Spent on Tree Activities $1,103,802 — (Table 3-4) Grand Total $2,127,802 A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 159 Table 3-2. Estimated Work Activities and Biennium Budget Allocated Towards In-House Tree Maintenance Tasks Parks & Recreation Public Works Estimated Estimated Activity Estimated Time (%) Estimated Time (%) Budget ($) Budget($) Tree planting 5% $6,200 10% $4,600 Tree pruning 20% $24,800 10% $4,600 Tree removal 25% $31,000 10% $4,600 Stump removal 0% $0.00 10% $4,600 Storm cleanup 20% $24,800 60% $27,600 Habitat restoration 15% $18,600 0% $0.00 Invasive species removal 15% $18,600 0% $0.00 Total 100% $124,000 100% $46,000 60 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I— Z w Table 3-3. Estimated Work Activities and Biennium Budget Allocated Towards Contracted Tree Maintenance Tasks 2 w CD Parks & Recreation Public Works Planning Q Z Q Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Activity Time (%) Budget($) Time (%) Budget ($) Time (%) Budget ($) v7 w ix Tree planting 16% $48,000 15% $54,150 0% $0.00 2 Z Tree pruning 20% $64,000 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 03 D Tree removal 41% $129,000 70% $252,700 0% $0.00 Stump removal 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 Storm cleanup 8% $24,000 15% $54,150 0% $0.00 Habitat restoration 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 Invasive species removal 15% $48,000 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 Planning-related activities 0% $0.00 0% $0.00 100% $180,000 Totals 100% $313,000 100% $361,000 100% $180,000 A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 61 STAFF AND CONTRACTORS ', �a:- � -` " ` s t ° ti y ,% y The City uses a combination of in-house staff from the Parks & ,3�' wK ' 4,, `i,i -w N, Recreation, Public Works, and Planning Departments, as well as a external contractors, to manage trees, enforce the Tree Code, and v' • implement the Urban and Community Forestry Program. A summary ,- ' „a,,; of all in-house staff positions is listed in Table 3-4. ,, ^ i,•. ;12,144 4 - tl/ia .• Full-time equivalents (FTEs) represent the percentage of staff time ., "1 -I. • �,• 4f t, . �, for those involved with the municipal tree management program • 1% I' i , '"/ based on a 40-hour work week. The salaries of each position are '. . ` �' calculated to show the estimated amount of salary and benefits • 2 ,r, `, * �� �£ 1 spent toward their tree activities. Collectively,the total number of in- yi1� ►� �� �I house FTEs is 2.69, with 0.79 involved directly with tree maintenance . r - ,. �;r. (Public Works and Parks & Recreation). Staff who spend the most - 7 ,',•' time dedicated to tree related activities include the City's Associate -- - . Planner (0.7 FTE), who manages the Tree Code permitting process, - a and the two enforcement officers (0.5 FTE each)who enforce the �. I .,'' Altrcill(-4( 34.---_,„" Tree Code. �` t # ' yr i 0''' �., 1 _ . t4 The tree management areas that in-house employees and _ / r 7 contractors work and their associated work distribution are listed in ,a ,0 _— ,,= ,1 4 Table 3-5. For in-house services, the Parks & Recreation Department 0,4:; r•, = '11- ( ` e ms. estimates it spends 10% of its time on park trees and 20% on trees ' rt,� ,, in natural areas. Public Works estimates it spends 10% of its time on '` " _ s,`,,', ROW trees. The remaining time for both departments is spent on ''. • '�"` Jr� `r' . y .\ .' non-tree-related activities. The Planning Department spends 100% �Y;• of its in-house and contractor time on planning-related activities ''` • q A,, `'), , t {,�,.` , and private property. Contractors for Parks & Recreation spend ,�,.,;� t�� approximately 30% of their time on park trees and 70% on natural • ,¢ �; q i1 \'.. j areas trees. All Public Works' contractor time is spent on ROW trees. , + ,i +rf'-, ? 4�,\�' 62 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Table 3-4. City of Lake Oswego Tree-Related In-House Staff Positions and Allocation of Annual Salary Spent on Urban Forest Work I- Z w Cit Total Salary, Estimated Total FTE Salary Spent on 2 Title Positions w Department Benefits, Fringe (full-time equivalent) Urban Forest Work 0 Q Z Crew Leader 2 $288,150 0.1 $28,815 Q 2 Laborer 4 $507,776 0.1 $50,778 0 w ce Public Works Management 1 $213,574 0.15 $32,036 0 u_ Z Beautification Specialist 1 $152,000 0.2 $30,400 CO CC Subtotal 8 $1,161,500 0.55 $142,029 D Utility Worker 7 $822,051 0.1 $82,205 Sr. Utility Worker/Ranger 6 $586,966 0.05 $29,348 Crew Leader 3 $286,381 0.03 $8,591 Parks& Recreation Parks Manager 1 $160,021 0.05 $8,001 Asst. Director 1 $197,247 0.01 $1,972 Subtotal 18 $2,843,756 0.24 $130,118 Associate Planner 1 $146,379 0.7 $102,465 Planning Manager 1 $196,863 0.1 $19,686 Clerical/Office Support 1 $53,304 0.1 $5,330 Planning Code Enforcement Specialist 1 $146,912 0.5 $73,456 Sr. Code Enforcement Specialist 1 $157,632 0.5 $78,816 Subtotal 5 $701,090 1.9 $279,754 Grand Total 31 $4,616,346 2.69 $551,901 LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 63 Table 3-5. City of Lake Oswego's Tree Management Area Summary In-House Services Contracted Services Parks & Parks & Public Tree Management Areas Public Works Planning Planning Recreation Recreation Works Right-of-Way Trees 0% 10% 0% 0% 100% 0% Park Trees 10% 0% 0% 30% 0% 0% Natural Area Trees 20% 0% 0% 70% 0% 0% Public Grounds Trees* See note Non-tree-Care Duties 70% 90% 0% 0% 0% 0% Planning/Private Property 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Note:*Public grounds trees at Parks& Recreation building sites(Adult Community Center,Tennis Center, Luscher Farm,etc.) are maintained by staff members at each facility, and the maintenance funding comes out of that facility's budget. Public Works manages the maintenance of all other trees at City-owned facilities. Should an issue arise that causes Public Works to use a contractor for tree maintenance,the maintenance funding comes out of the budget of the Department where the tree is located. 64 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 4 URBAN FOREST CODES , PLANS, & POLICIES MUNICIPAL CODE Oswego 2022a; LOC Chapter 55). Additional requirements regarding trees in certain zoning districts can be found in Lake One of the best things a municipality can do to enhance their Oswego Code Chapter 50: Community Development Code. urban forest is to preserve existing trees. Although tree planting All trees of 6-inches DSH or greater are protected in the City is important to long-term urban forest sustainability, it may take and must undergo a permitting process for removal. The City's years or decades for recently planted trees to reach the value of Planning Department reviews the application using a set of the large canopy sizes prevalent in the City today. Over time, if criteria based on the tree's size, health, location, and other factors. healthy large trees are continuously removed and replaced with Permits may be approved, denied, or withdrawn, with some small-stature trees,tree benefits to the community will be limited. approvals also requiring mitigation through tree planting or fees. It is critical that existing canopy is preserved. Penalties exist for unpermitted tree removals. The types of tree The City's Tree Code was originally adopted in 1971 and has permits are included in Table 4-1. been amended several times to preserve the City's trees while also accommodating reasonable removal requests (City of Lake . J ��. i� pis"-�' .cam x i1FNSFF -.� ks'! Y �' p s -�.; _ ,rf `. ,,. .0, 1. ' T! .►.. - ., +�� s t '1 }' r - ,. _ }.y.. •.,r, r.A 'f - -1. a -5;.t :`,1, t ., 1vylr '5. a,.q r , Lam',;.. - ,�,•,.� r , i -. } ' Y a � 'fi 4 t �� + � ,--- J' f r •t �_f � ✓" -¢ „ � rI '; } ► 9it ` ' y fi lir ` ! iT�`-+ ai • -ry }s a A'-' n F#,,,,Lo - j i. I M ' l i •Ci t ' e r .,/° n !. r• r ...k `' •:Mf._ • „y0) .ry,n:,t '4rf_ i9.� )- ' !7._. . . L• r ! '1 4K 4,:ifi'' .' r I �` r,� r4 ds t#•)} i j.N a A l Canal acres ', . ••-.N .. �- NATURAI, AREA fi ' !, " ' � °� i ,f r F;, f;, 71.E 6 _e4& ti, 1 r .' c A�IC�- I j jv �f: . ; .._ ,..ti,..se",. '.:/�'` v . .. � '4!¢ a �.Y s 4`;x_ c.k. `�. f c" 4' LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 67 Table 4-1. Tree Permits in Lake Oswego Code Chapter 55:Tree Code Permit Type Description For removal of up to two trees of up to 15-inch trunk diameter per year on residentially zoned lots occupied by Type I Permit a single-family dwelling permitted. No limits on fruit tree removals. Special restrictions apply, such as for trees in Sensitive Lands. For trees that do not qualify for other tree removal permit types and that are being removed for landscaping or Type II Permit development purposes. For trees that are high or extreme risk according to an International Society of Arboriculture Qualified Tree Risk Hazard Tree Permit Assessor. Trees damaging private utility services or public facilities may also be considered hazard trees. Snag creation may be required in Sensitive Lands to provide wildlife habitat. For trees that are lifeless or in a state of progressive and irreversible decline. Special restrictions apply, such as Dead Tree Permit for trees in Sensitive Lands. Emergency Permits For emergency situations such as a tree actively failing or interrupting a utility service. Invasive Permit For the removal of trees on the City's Invasive Tree List. Verification Permit For trees previously approved for removal through a land use decision, such as a subdivision or partition. Topping Permit Issued only to utility provider to allow pruning of trees to prevent conflicts with overhead utilities. Forest Allows tree removal for the purposes of improving forest health (e.g., preventing overcrowding of trees in a Management forested area). Applies in a variety of contexts, including residential, recreational, and open space properties. Permit 68 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE w The community survey identified that 50% of all respondents either in the City, and the current tree removal permit data shows that most U disagreed or strongly disagreed that the City was effective at trees permitted for removal over the combined 4-year period are O preserving trees in the City. When asked for comments about the invasive or dead, which demonstrates that the community is already a permit06 process, manycomments (17%) highlighted the erce perception doinga lot to manage the urban forest. p p g U) that developers seemed to be exempt from the application process Z Based on discussions with City staff and the TAC, community Q or that the City uses a different standard for individual homeowners. a Developers and arborists expressed challenges with the Tree engagement, and a comprehensive technical review by the ui consultant team, the following amendments to the Tree Code and w Code as well, noting that the process can be difficult to understand 0 and too ambiguous, can result in loopholes, or make necessary Community Development Code are recommended and summarized O development in the City more uncertain and costly. in Table 4-2. For a complete redline, refer to Appendix C: Municipal U Code Redline. u) w These opinions illuminate the need for the City to increase ce transparency in its approval process of tree removal permits, Exhibit 4-1.Total Quantity of Trees Permitted for Removal Ow including tracking all removal permits that are submitted, approved, by Permit Type between 2020-2023. Z withdrawn, or denied. Additionally, Oregon Revised Statute m ce 197.307(4) requires the City to adopt and apply clear and objective D Emer enc Forest Management, 110,1% standards, conditions, and procedures regulating the development Hazard 153, y� of housing, to ensure that the City does not use discretionary or 1063,9%, subjective criteria to deny housing projects or discourage housing Invasive through unreasonable cost or delay. 2579,2ir° Verification Table 4-2 provides the quantity of approved permits and the 1229,10% quantity of trees permitted for removal by permit type between 2020-2023 and Exhibit 4-1 shows a summary of the total quantity Type II for of trees permitted for removal by permit type over this same 4-year Development 762,6% period. On average, 3,023 trees were permitted for removal each year. Between 2020-2023, Invasive, Dead, Type I and Hazard trees account for 68% of trees permitted for removal, while 14% are Type II for landscaping purposes, 16% are Verification and Type II Dead Type II for 2490,21% for development purposes, and 2% are for Emergency and Forest Landscaping Management. Despite the quantity of trees removed each year,the 1670,14% city-wide canopy cover has continued to increase, demonstrating that the Tree Code is at least somewhat effective at preserving trees Type I 2037,17% A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 69 Table 4-2. Quantity of Approved Permits and Trees Permitted for Removal by Permit Type between 2020-2023. Type of Tree Removal Permit Quantity of Approved Permits Quantity of Trees Permitted for Removal 2020 2021 2 2023 2020 2021 rilli— Invasive 173 190 133 111 838 528 901 312 Dead 410 387 312 301 727 665 539 559 Type I 476 451 322 220 614 640 458 325 Hazard 152 296 132 95 247 431 244 141 Type II for Landscaping 218 292 183 160 433 532 327 378 Type II for Development 57 52 57 26 283 169 180 130 Verification 9 12 24 11 506 187 425 111 Emergency 20 58 31 21 27 65 37 24 Forest Management 0 1 2 2 0 16 78 16 Total 1515 1739 1196 947 3675 3233 3189 1996 70 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE V) Table 4-3.Summary of Recommended Amendments to the Tree Code(LOC Ch. 55)and Community Development Code(LOC Ch. 50) Change Explanation p a When native trees are removed under a Type II permit, replacement trees are required to be a native v species from the City's Native Mitigation Tree List. This requirement has resulted in two issues: 1. Although natives generally provide greater environmental benefits than non-natives, a native tree often does not thrive in an urban environment (Bassuk and Sutton 2012), as growing vi conditions in its natural environment are often profoundly different. Additionally, changing 0 climate conditions are impacting the ability of some native species to thrive in their historic range. 8 Expand tree list to include Therefore, there are instances when a native-for-native approach is not appropriate, and a non- cn suitable non-native tree native tree is better suited for the site. Rather than uniformly requiring native trees, the right tree ce alternatives and stature should be planted for the right site. 0 requirements. 2. The 2022 SURF identified that, when presented with the choice to replace native trees, many Z large-stature trees (i.e., Douglas fir) have been replaced with small-stature trees (i.e., Pacificce pap dogwood). While technically compliant with the native-for-native requirement, this practice may eventually result in a decrease in canopy in certain areas of the City. The native-for-native requirement should be updated to require mitigation trees to be replanted with species of similar stature when adequate space for replanting exists. State legislation (ORS 197.307[4]) requires local governments to adopt clear and objective criteria for any regulation that affects housing. The definition of"Significant Tree" and the Type II permit criteria in LOC 55.02.080 are highly subjective and need to be updated to be clear and objective for all Update the code standards development involving housing. for Type II tree permits to be clear and objective, to ensure Exception criteria for Type II removals are currently difficult to interpret and implement. The compliance with Oregon state exception criteria for development involving housing must be updated to adhere to the clear and legislation (ORS 197.307[4]). objective language requirements in ORS 197.307(4). Clarify the types of removals that are permitted in Sensitive Lands. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE 171 Change Explanation Add a time frame requirement Per ISA industry best practice, the City should specify a time frame for which the likelihood of a tree for tree risk assessment. failure of hazard potential, such as "the hazard potential of the tree within a 3-year time frame..." Some municipalities, such as Renton or Vancouver, WA, have established minimum tree canopy Consider developing minimum retention requirements, or minimum tree density requirements on new development in commercial, canopy cover on commercial industrial, and multifamily zones. It may be beneficial for the City of Lake Oswego to implement this and industrial lots. requirement into the Tree Code. When medium to large mature-stature trees are removed and replanted at a 1:1 ratio with small- stature trees, the urban forest canopy may diminish over time. This is especially true when a municipality does not have the capacity to ensure that replacement trees are properly maintained Increase tree removal into maturity. It is recommended that the right tree is planted for the right place, with a preference mitigation to requiring planting for tree species with the largest mature stature to be planted for every tree removed to maintain a of the largest-stature tree vibrant and sustainable urban tree canopy. When site conditions do not allow for mitigation trees, suitable for the site, especially an in-lieu fee may be considered. Funds from the City's Tree Fund could be used to help private in riparian areas. property owners increase canopy cover in these areas. Replacement ratios are especially important for establishing shaded riparian areas, as recognized by the Oregon DOF and the City's TMDL Implementation Plan. Add a requirement that Planting trees that have been removed is the first step, next is providing the resources needed inspects the mitigation for mitigation trees to thrive. Requiring a semi-annual inspection,that can be completed during trees during their three-year watering/pruning times, provides assurance for the community that trees that are removed are being establishment period. properly established. 72 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE v) w_ U Change Explanation 0 06 Tree mitigation removal vi Current fee structure for mitigation trees do not cover the actual cost of supplying, planting, and Z fee align with the costs of Q establishing new trees. Aligning these costs put the cost burden on the person removing the tree, replacement, and three-year a rather than the city having to fund those expenses. establishment care. ui 0 0 Consider revisions to the U U Minor Forest Management I- The definition of"large, forested tract" may contribute to loopholes that allow areas that are not u) Permit and/or amendment w normally considered to be a forest to qualify for the permit. ce of the "large, forested tract" 0 definition. Z a m Notes: LOC= Lake Oswego Code; SURF=2022 State of the Urban Forest Report; ORS=Oregon Revised Statute; ISA= International Society of D Arboriculture; ODF=Oregon Department of Forestry;TMDL=total maximum daily load. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 73 .440001100.0%17.4iiiiiiiiiii:miiiiiiiiiimi 0.40iiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHmuniiik. 4111144. --;,,,...,-- __4m4*iuik ,-_____ _t_.. 11%. ' kit* . (-- .-. 0.41A.., .-_._ - - 4 1111111111111111110w _` i WI 411.11ft.. tl I i Vie. I seinsr Ilk IrILV tilb en, ,-•',''' INti ...I IIIIIIIII-6r- mow ., - '_ _ .., _ -- - -, ra ..0 . ,.. ,_..., 4111_ - ......._ i '# D9cR� IIIIIIr , �_ s3.. _a--.1,/,,, , 6 , 41:_ -- __ -----_,____ ___ . , omew mew I Illi , 2... .. . P.m- _ Apie......_aimemp. ALIO ,, _- ...-.-.,_r MEW i .I'L'i ... ..._____"1111111111 r -.4..........---.-, *a , , ,••••,.... r lir ___Im-i_cr,_,. . .„4.7„,, ,,,„•,_ _ , ,____,....„ , ...r. nv tiv -•-s-=- :*" --_- ,H-1--.:-.TITI 7.111 i . ...„ ,, --------, , , ,...,,,, , , . . .......r, __ /� ''"pax WI VIII I e. :' •'� if: .*"�I 1 '' , li talk ilk :. 7 .__Iii_ ____11:_ __41..as ‘ -. t :t In -- -i''‘."''''''-' illf■ '1tt :C L. _ LPLkJ5 ! LAT �,.,_ �m i'T` i sram 11 11111 i !111 I Z ZZZZZ ZZZ ! v7 w CITY AND COMMUNITY PLANS J 0 a The following City plans and documents were identified as relevant to the City's urban forest management. In these documents,trees and °6 the urban forest are generally not the main topic but are addressed as they relate to the primary topic of the document. Table 4-4 provides Z Z summaries of each document, how it relates to trees, and identifies areas within each document that can provide more protection, funding, or Q J alignment of goals with this UCFP. a vi w 0 0 Table 4-4.Summary and Gaps Identified in the Reviewed City Documents U I— v7 Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) LU 0 u_ Z The 2013 Comprehensive EEa The urban forests and vegetation Ce Plan was updated in 2016 to D include a Healthy Ecosystems section explains how the largest contributor to the City's livability and chapter,which replaced Goals natural beauty is the City's urban Evaluate all the tree policies 5, 6, and 15 of the 2013 plan. forest. This section outlines how trees in this plan and determine This chapter focuses on natural Comprehensive benefit the community with reduced if any revisions or additions resource programs, urban forests Plan: Healthy energy costs, cleaner air and water, are needed based on BMPs and vegetation, open spaces, or issues that are important Ecosystems aesthetic value, reduced erosion, Oswego Lake, air quality, and and more wildlife. The overarching to urban forest management the Willamette River Greenway. goal of this section is to "protect and and not currently addressed. The plan is implemented by the enhance the functions and values City of Lake Oswego's Planning of Lake Oswego's urban forests and Department and is used to guide beneficial vegetation." future development. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 75 Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) This plan reviews how the City Although the SCAP can prepare for the effects of outlines goals that support Trees are very prevalent in this climate change, reduce GHG tree planting, actions do document because they contribute emissions, and become more not specify tree planting to solutions to many of the issues sustainable in the future. The main requirements to support outlined in the plan. In addition, the 2020 topics covered in this plan include these goals. The second plan notes the City's 28-year Tree City Sustainability reducing transportation-related goal in the Protecting USA certification. The plan explains and Climate emissions, protecting natural Natural Resources category how proper management of forests Action Plan resources, promoting energy states to update the Urban will reduce the risk of wildfire events Report. Up dating and water conservation, Forestry p datin g and protect natural resources. Many reducing waste and exposure to the SCAP goals to match the other benefits of trees are noted in toxins, educating the public, and updated UCFP goals will aid this document. improving City employee health in reaching goals of both the and engagement. SCAP and the UCFP. This plan explains how different This plan focuses on improving habitats within the City and their ecological resiliency for 27 corresponding tree types can be natural areas within the City. enhanced or restored to provide safe The plan covers who manages and heathy ecosystems. Included This plan is comprehensive 2022 Natural different natural areas in the City in the plan are recommendations and accurately explains how Areas Habitat and includes partnerships with on how to protect forests, such each recommendation will Management volunteer groups and watershed as controlling noxious weeds, be carried out. No further Plan councils. Seven general habitat diversifying forests, reducing wildfire recommendations. types were classified to specifically hazards, selective tree removal, address the ecological status of removing invasive species, and each habitat. minimizing habitat fragmentation, which supports forest health. 76 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE w_ U Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) p a 025 Trees and forests contribute uj The general purpose of the Open Z significantly to the community Q Space Management Plan is to character and natural resource This plan includes many a prepare the City for projected inventory of the City. Trees are recommendations that vi growth and urbanization in the w mentioned in almost every section have been accomplished. 0 2001 Lake early 2000s while also maintaining 0 of the plan, other than water access However, the plan is over U Oswego its unique community character and regional connections. The 20 years old, and several i- Open Space by protecting natural resources. w recommendations in this document goals and policies from w Management The plan addresses water include prohibiting clear-cuts on this plan have not yet been 0 Plan access, heritage landscapes, hillsides, adding protection for implemented and would Z scenic resources, natural Q tree groves, creating both green benefit from a review and m resources, green neighborhoods, ce neighborhoods and green boulevard update process. D and regional connections by programs, establishing an Urban implementing action measures. Forestry Program, and others. The Effective Stream Shade Analysis measures changes This report details how canopy in effective shade and canopy cover lowers or stabilizes stream cover using LiDAR data. The This report is designed changes are used to track the temperatures to provide optimum to present current conditions for aquatic health. 2021 Effective City's progress in meeting its conditions, which could Shade temperature allocation set Effective shade is canopy cover be used to assist with Analysis by DEQ and the Willamette that provides direct benefits to creating actionable steps River's temperature TMDL. streams and aquatic life; it is the for forest management primary measurement of this By lowering or stabilizing implementation. stream temperatures, aquatic report, although overall canopy life in general, but specifically cover is also discussed. salmonid health, is protected. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 77 Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) The 2022 Stormwater Management Plan contains the strategies and metrics that the The UCFP, in conjunction City will use to implement its This plan mentions the Planning with the Effective Shade 2022 DEQ-issued stormwater permit. Department's urban forestry Analysis and the City's workshops as a method for Stormwater An annual report is submitted to TMDL Implementation Management DEQ summarizing the activities providing public education Plan will provide ways in regarding stormwater. Trees are Plan completed and tracking the which trees and canopy not referenced specifically in this progress the City makes cover can positively affect plan. each year to comply with the water quality. requirements of its stormwater permit. 78 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE (n w U Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) 0 025 This plan was drafted in a vi z response to Governor Brown's Q Executive Order 20-04, which a directed state agencies to w reduce climate pollution. The This document focuses on p Department Oregon Land Conservation parking, transportation, U and housing, but does not I— of Land and Development Commission cn address how trees can w Conservation then required cities within 0 and Oregon's eight largest Trees are only mentioned in reduce climate pollution. O The UCFP includes Development: metropolitan regions to update this plan in relation to new or z discussion of how m Climate- their comprehensive plans redeveloped parking lots. m Friendly and with regulations that reduce trees support climate- D Equitable GHG emissions. Although friendly and equitable Communities the City has already aligned communities, such as with many of the outlined mitigating the urban heat island effect. climate mitigation goals, the City will still have to amend its development code and update its Transportation System Plan. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 79 Plan Purpose How It Relates to Trees Recommended Change(s) Preserving trees and forests is one of the main objectives of the Clackamas Community Wildfire Protection Plan. The plan explains This plan was drafted by how dead and dying trees The goals and policies in the Clackamas County this plan mainly focus on contribute to the likelihood and Commissioners Board to community preparedness, intensity of wildfires. Furthermore, address risks from wildfires. education, developing The document serves as a the Lake Oswego Fire Department partnerships, and support recognized the balance between consolidated, localized, and services in relation to the benefits of increasing urban Clackamas more accurate approach wildfires. The Enhancing tree canopy and the risk to life Community to wildfire prevention and Natural Systems section and property from wildfires. The Wildfire response efforts. Five main talks about forest BMPs. plan stresses the importance of Protection goals were created, including Overall, this plan is creating defensible spaces around Plan protecting life and property, comprehensive and properties, which may require increasing public awareness, accurately explains how exemptions to the Tree Ordinance. enhancing natural systems, each recommendation will Lastly, the plan explains how developing partnerships and there are many Christmas tree be carried out. Therefore, support implementation, and there are no further farms in the County that burn strengthening support services, recommendations for excessive amounts of woody each with specific strategies. policy implementation. material. A chipper program could be implemented to reduce the excessive burning of woody material. Notes: City=City of Lake Oswego; BMP= best management practice;TMDL=total maximum daily loads; DEQ= Department of Environmental Quality; BHCP= Backyard Habitat Certification Program; GHG =greenhouse gas; SCAP= 2020 Sustainability and Climate Action Plan; UCFP= urban and community forestry plan; HEP=Habitat Enhancement Plan 80 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE i 4..i I? ! 'F.j. ''••;' �. :�.• t , ;@ •6 u «; �.. .F .�,�� J r .,i __T t �; v ✓..�,.« v .�_ 'r}a • '' ,,,p t".A r:.,4� .}/R I dY'1� Nei! E IU y«{yy ,� li y,c'��a .0 rcZ»`2:3 '.f u6..,.�i. t" , r .0 LY b2 tw c• ��• l i 5 � ti y4 ! r A i1\' 4=k ,!xp .a� • '„� '= w' i �( • t°'y # /Tr • 0 /Ole«, `\ e ,g. f - rr �LS4iy.• I sa�''�'y'� w .� * a ,� F ° rf '" T�' :'1i.H+. w i; - �,...', trtR, ?..1. 1kl& r a i' c,- i ,,s a i a• x '`I .t Rye ,,. 1 c I, y' 1' .. • l_' I , e .''. 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'ta --� �.� �y � F"c_� ��� •%L: 6ly�yns ��.�,.r- ��`.� j• :.�Gu1�-.���l�y"�--`i �\,� -�s `•Z. � .� f"� -_��,. R"�-'ems _�.�LE._ }.��- _ _ i--,� � \•i._- �� Qa: `� =r�„-- � i>� �'!-a•�1rG. r_- '+-. �o�"Po'-i - a�`yy. �� �r.�1�'i l' -e__ae - ".` .IR_ s - -+. ' � v .�r �" , �fr", r. - ly � .�` w '° �.. r�r yY �QF r t _ \ _1 Ipj�" ��r yam_= '' \ r s//: `ate.. ` _- „ 'r v� . ri w 'f _. -. �• .` , �II '°,'� \ 1 +� Ana,yowl& /tat .. •�sr Ol �jjrt. i '��°' •; �_., i _ —� y �� _ E �C ,..- c`� - . , arrF iiire i 4.7:11180fil irL, .,,,....7_,_ , . -,...let ....4 5 STRATEGIC PLAN This UCFP requires participation from the entire Lake Oswego community to help achieve the City's overall vision for its urban forest. The Strategic Plan aims to increase operational efficiencies and encourage streamlined coordination between departments, decisionmakers, and community members for a sustainable urban and community forestry program. While certain urban-forest-related p` ,t actions are the responsibility of specific City departments, other actions may require the involvement of different community partners to achieve the objectives for the City's urban forest. Everyone in the i, City has a role to play in making the Strategic Plan successful and for _-.: ��` the Strategic Plan's vision to be realized. 0�`;"�� '# � t.44 ;f a. VISION STATEMENT � � � /�,�, T. - ,�- /(F. s 4 . , ' r Written comments from 468 respondents to a community survey ; ' �� suggested full vision statements,vision statement fragments, or '". ' ,/o. - # ,:: ''v"` 'E ideas to consider describing their ideal vision for the City's urban . `-_ • forest for the 2024 UCFP. The community responses formed the `' • • \r y a'' basis of the vision statement, which was then further refined by the UCFP's TAC and based on feedback received from Focus Group participants, Boards and Commissions and City Council. A Lake Oswego's urban forest is a sustainable ecosystem that harmoniously balances nature and urban life, is resilient to the effects of climate change, and is managed as an essential environmental, economic and cultural asset that contributes to the health and happiness of all members of our community. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 83 GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND ACTIONS Table 5-1 presents the guiding principles of the UCFP Update, which set the tone for the UCFP's Strategic Plan and guide the City's implementation of the document in managing the City's urban forest. These five principles encompass feedback collected during the community engagement phase of the project and throughout the plan development process. Table 5-2 presents action items associated with the guiding principles, each with an estimated cost to achieve (each $ = -$25,000) and timeframe (short=<1 year, medium = 1-5 years, and long =>5 years). Table 5-1. Guiding Principles of the Urban and Community Forestry Plan Update Guiding Principle Description A sufficiently funded urban The urban forest is cared for through sufficient financial investment and adequate staffing 1 forest resources. Trees are managed according to best management practices to improve the health, longevity, 2 A managed living asset safety, and functional capacity of the existing urban forest and to ensure that the future urban forest can reach its potential to provide the full range of environmental benefits and services. 3 An enhanced quality of life for The quality of life in the City is enhanced by the benefits and services provided by the urban all in Lake Oswego forest. The thriving urban forest is able to withstand and recover from impacts of climate A resilient urban forest that is change, such as storms, drought, heat, pests, and diseases, and contributes to reducing 4 postured to adapt to climate climate impacts, including mitigating urban heat islands, reducing carbon emissions, and change sequestering carbon. An urban forest that integrates with the urban needs of Trees are considered and prioritized in the beginning of the planning process to provide 5 a city to include housing, landscaped settings and habitat, maximize environmental benefits, and reduce infrastructure infrastructure, businesses, conflicts such as solar access, overhead utility lines, and sidewalks. schools, and transportation. 84 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE ram{ _ ` Ft- Fr ' •. ."J .�,1 1 • 1. ' :.. ''• °F1: •t i i , ii, • l: s,1 4•Z • , 1, r \I ••' 1t l •�•,� ' / - ,q•�^A / "'j'' ) ,; ' .b• I I, �, -�:. 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L - .� '-4 Pjf •�i •S N;. .. l r `r T�,t, � we � • poch. • T - IMIPRII '`-: �..• •1, A • ' r Guiding Principle 1 A Sufficiently Funded Urban Forest Action Action Time Frame* Number Strategy: The urban forest is cared for through sufficient financial investment and adequate staffing resources Develop a budget proposal for consideration during the next regular budget cycle, la Short term based on the findings from the Urban and Community Forestry Plan (UCFP). Pursue Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) and Oregon Department of Forestry lb (ODF) grant funding to conduct a tree inventory, create a wood reuse program, and Short term prepare a pest action plan. Pursue tree planting opportunities through community volunteer events or lc collaborating with local organizations to reduce the cost of tree planting. Ongoing Develop a strategy to increase tree management funds because as the City's trees age they will require increased maintenance costs, and the looming arrival of invasive ld Medium term pests such as emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) and Mediterranean oak borer (Xyleborus monographus) will require costly removal or treatment programs. le Increase tree planting budgets to reflect tree planting goals for existing City plans Ongoing and documents. g g 86 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a Action Action Time Frame* v Number u_i H Q re 1— Establish guidelines for utilizing the City's existing Tree Fund for tree planting, care, cn 1f and management, and a program to support tree giveaways to private property Short term owners. Increase funding for the Habitat Enhancement Program (HEP) to support and expand 1g ongoing restoration efforts through partnerships between qualified organizations and Ongoing private land owners. Note: * The time frame denotes the intended amount of time the action will need for completion.The time frame of each action can also be interpreted as a prioritization scale, as reflected in the Implementation Plan (Section 7). Short term =1-5 years; Medium term = 5-10 years; Long term =10+years. "Ongoing" actions are those that will need to be continuously implemented and do not necessarily have a term when they will be completed. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 87 Guiding Principle 2 A Managed Living Asset Action Action Time Frame* Number Strategy: Trees are managed according to best management practices to improve the health, longevity, safety, and functional capacity of the existing urban forest and to ensure that the future urban forest can reach its potential to provide the full range of environmental benefits and services. Create an updated GIS layer that delineates categories of developed ROW, 2a developed parks, undeveloped ROW, and City-owned natural areas to clarify the Short term inventory collection procedures. Complete a 100% inventory of trees in developed City rights-of-way (ROWs), 2b developed City parks, and City-owned and managed properties, and a 10% sample Short term inventory of trees in City-owned natural areas and unimproved ROWs. Update the City's tree inventories (2b) according to the recommended time 2c frame in Section 2, to ensure the City has accurate information on which to base Ongoing management decisions. Standardize establishment care period requirements for City-planted trees. Ensure consistency among all City departments. Create a notification system for adjacent 2d Short term property owners who will adopt maintenance responsibilities for City-planted trees after the 3-year establishment period. Collaborate with the Oswego Lake Watershed Council to continue training citizen 2e scientists to collect tree inventory data voluntarily on private properties. Explore Ongoing mechanisms to analyze private property inventory data alongside City-managed tree g g inventory data to understand overall health of the City's entire urban forest. 88 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a- Action Action Time Frame* v Number c0 w a ce Conduct a hazardous tree survey to identify hazardous, dead, or otherwise N 2f Medium term undesirable street trees and trees along public trails. 2g Establish a pruning cycle goal of five to seven years for all City-managed ROW trees. Long term Create a tree risk management program that includes risk assessments every 3 to 2h 5 years of City-managed trees and trees in directly managed City parks and City Medium term facilities. Prioritize the removal of hazard trees. Align tree practices, such as planting, establishment care, and pruning with ISA Best 2i Management Practices (BMPs) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Short term Standards. Ensure that guidelines are followed by City staff and its contractors. 2j Develop a tree replacement program for targeted ROWs. Medium term Implement a formative structural pruning program for young and newly planted trees 2k Medium term to mitigate potential tree structure and safety issues for trees in parks. 2m Prioritize planting large-stature trees where possible. Ongoing 2n Quantify acreage goals of invasive species removal in specific open space, parks, or Short term neighborhoods. Require mitigation trees to be planted for more tree removal permit types when 2o there are viable planting areas on site or allow payment into the Tree Fund if staff Short term determines there is insufficient space to replant. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 89 Action Action Time Frame* Number Limit topping permits to utility companies as much as possible and consider 2p Medium term replacing trees using "right tree, right place" concept. 2q Clarify ROW tree management responsibilities of City departments. Short term 2r Conduct tree maintenance workshops targeted at contractors working in the City. Ongoing Ensure program follows ISA best management practices. g g As part of the City's budgeting process, consider funding an urban forester position, 2s either through an on-call consultant or City staff position, to implement tasks within Medium term the strategic plan. 90 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE . , EL lopk......--#4, " 4.,,,.4.- ti, ;lir si it •;44 r'.. ' . - ..1.., ,itt4 1.44 \a iti w• ' - ..,oh 41.1. ' f f....,‘11:0 , ' •=41411k'f'digiN. .Aik l• .4 1,•.°4 it'l•th.` •' ., kit* .di. 16). _ ' 1!re', 26°,4:14,. 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Create new stewardship and educational materials Ongoing as needed to address emerging issues. Create a State of the Urban Forest report in conjunction with, or subsequent to, the effective shade analysis, which is generally completed within a year of when new LiDAR data becomes available to align with the availability of regional lidar 3f data and the City's effective shade/canopy cover analysis, resulting in consistent Ongoing measurement of the urban canopy. Communicate the findings to the community along with the importance of tree canopy and effective shade in lowering or stabilizing stream temperatures. 92 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J d Action Action Time Frame* v Number 0 w Q Identify additional incentives for homeowners and builders to preserve trees, to m 1- 3g ensure that existing trees are given extensive thought in the planning process and Medium term v) integration into the development plan. 3h Establish an internship program to enhance the urban forestry workforce. Medium term Increase transparency of the tree removal permit process by tracking all applications 3i that are submitted (approved, denied, and withdrawn), as well as required mitigation. Short term Report tree removal permit data to the public annually. 3j Consolidate all tree removal information in one location for clarity. Short term Clearly describe if and when the City may provide tree care assistance to trees 3k on private property. Ensure that tree care limitations are consistent across City Short term departments. Create a tree debris utilization program to utilize debris from management activities and storm damage and to help encourage management activities to reduce fuel 31 Medium term loads, while also retaining carbon sequestration benefits and providing hyperlocal bioresources to the community. Target increasing tree canopy in areas identified in the 2021 Effective Shade Report 3m Medium term by providing education on the value of trees planted in these areas. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 93 Action Action Time Frame* Number Encourage tree planting in riparian areas by providing community education and outreach to connect planting native trees to creating wildlife corridors, stabilizing 3n stream temperatures for salmonids, and the importance to the region. Use the Lake Ongoing Oswego Effective Shade report as a reference. Provide guidelines for private property owners and developers including best 3o management practices for species selection, tree planting, and "right tree, right Ongoing place" to prioritize large-stature, mature trees to support maintaining canopy cover g g percentage. 94 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE a ` '-'.iflic,.,V 4••• *'� ;'may ` r( x •r''.-' yyR_ R 't T-, z w I If •.,:,c. -V7:,..,/,‘ ir,-• •pl;-' ..,/,;:; ,-A„,._ \+ g R N,.. i ':4y / Gb. 'll �Z� �[�, '."� it ,ti- -I / am'' I l,3yS • fir. "� as,j 1 .. �l n ; gyp!,,..- .. f: +r'>.' ri,r..:. xy� ,q a �� &• �K ,� --_ _ ,a, `- '_--... - ' � y 'L-.. 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Guiding Principle 4 A Resilient Urban Forest That Is Postured to Adapt for Climate Change Action Action Time Frame* Number Strategy: The thriving urban forest is resilient to storms, drought, heat, pests, and diseases and contributes to reducing climate impacts. Establish soil volume standards for street trees and parking lots. In areas where soil 4a volume standards cannot be met, use structural soils and other technologies like Medium term suspended pavement systems. 4b Ensure that age classes of trees are sufficiently distributed to ensure environmental Ongoing benefits continue by consistently planting trees every year. g g Implement a scouting program for invasive beetles, such as emerald ash borer and Mediterranean oak borer, to better prevent or intercept a pest that could cause 4c severe damage to the urban forest and to help inform state agency efforts to track Ongoing the movement of these pests. Periodically review the City-recommended tree species list and update it as appropriate with the following attributes: climate resiliency or drought tolerance, 4d pest/disease susceptibility, allergen factor, water use, native status, root damage Ongoing potential, and overstory or understory canopy layer. Require street tree planting for all new development and provide guidelines for 4e Medium term mitigation trees planted on site to maintain canopy cover. 96 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J d Action Action Time Frame* v Number 0 w Q a: Continue to use canopy cover as a success-measuring metric of urban forest goals, 1- 4f and target areas with low shade cover to increase equitable shade canopy. Consider Ongoing establishing a 55% canopy cover goal to maintain over time. Treat tree debris collected from storm damage or with known pests with Oregon 4g Department of Agriculture's guidelines prior to using as landscape mulch throughout Ongoing the City. Increase awareness of the Lake Oswego Fire Department's Wildland Urban Interface 4h Home Assessment Program to assist private property owners on ways to reduce fuel Ongoing loads and eliminate the fire's potential relationship with the house. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 97 Guiding Principle 5 An Urban Forest Integrates with the Urban Needs of a City to Include Housing, Infrastructure, Businesses, Schools, and Transportation Action Action Time Frame* Number Strategy: Trees are considered and prioritized in the beginning of the planning process to provide landscaped settings and habitat, maximize environmental benefits, and reduce infrastructure conflicts. Update Lake Oswego Code (LOC) Chapters 50 and 55 per recommendations in 5a Section 4 of the UCFP to be in compliance with Oregon State Regulations to apply Short term clear and objective standards to applications involving housing. Update the Comprehensive Plan's Healthy Ecosystems chapter as described in 5b Medium term Section 4. 5c Update the TMDL Implementation Plan as described in Section 4. Medium term 5d Update the 2020 Sustainability and Climate Action Plan as described in Sections 4. Medium term 5e Consider including analyses and recommendations in future Effective Shade Reports Medium term as described in Section 4. 5f Update the 2022 Stormwater Management Plan as described in Section 4. Medium term 98 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a Action Action Time Frame* v Number w a Encourage regular meetings between Planning, Parks & Recreation, and Public ce 1- 5g Works Departments to ensure work activities are effectively coordinated and Short term N operating as intended. 5h Clarify tree protection policies in sensitive areas such as riparian zones. Short term Strive to ensure tree planting exceeds tree removal performed by all City 5i departments each year. Ongoing A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 99 6 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN z a J IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Z 0 The Implementation Plan assigns all Strategic Plan actions a timeline, responsible party and or department(s), recommended partners, and Q the estimated budget to accomplish the work. Z w 2 w J A ONGOING ACTIONS a 2 Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Strive to ensure tree planting exceeds tree removal 5i performed by all City departments each year. Parks, PW Planning $$ Create a State of the Urban Forest report in conjunction with, or subsequent to, the effective shade analysis, which is generally completed within a year of when new LiDAR data becomes available to align with the availability of regional lidar data and 3f the City's effective shade/canopy cover analysis, Planning Parks, PW, GIS $$$$ resulting in consistent measurement of the urban canopy. Communicate the findings to the community along with the importance of tree canopy and effective shade in lowering or stabilizing stream temperatures. Increase tree planting budgets to reflect tree planting le City Parks, PW $$$$ goals for existing City plans and documents. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 101 Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Pursue tree planting opportunities through community volunteer events or collaborating PW, Planning, 1c Parks Watershed $$$$ with local organizations to reduce the cost of tree planting. Councils, FOT Implement a scouting program for invasive beetles, such as emerald ash borer and Mediterranean oak borer, to better prevent or intercept a pest that could Planning, 4c cause severe damage to the urban forest and to help Parks OLWC, PW, City $$ inform state agency efforts to track the movement of these pests. Update the City's tree inventories (2b) according to 2c the recommended time frame in Section 2, to PW Planning, Parks $$$$ ensure the City has accurate information on which to base management decisions. Increase funding for the Habitat Enhancement Program (HEP) to support and expand ongoing Parks, 1g City Watershed $$$$ restoration efforts through partnerships between Councils qualified organizations and private land owners. 102 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a- Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost z No. Partner(s) Q Collaborate with the Oswego Lake Watershed z Council to continue training citizen scientists to 2 collect tree inventory data voluntarily on private Watershed a 2e properties. Explore mechanisms to analyze private Planning Councils, PW, $$ 2 property inventory data alongside City-managed tree Parks inventory data to understand overall health of the City's entire urban forest. 2m Prioritize planting large-stature trees where possible. PW, Planning, Parks -- $ Conduct tree maintenance workshops targeted at 2r contractors working in the City. Ensure program Planning PW, Parks $ follows ISA best management practices. Continue to promote an urban forestry stewardship 3a ethic in the community through general education Planning Parks $ events. Conduct tree protection workshops targeted at 3b builders, arborists, and other contractors working in Planning PW, Parks $ the City. Maintain status as a Tree City USA and continue to celebrate Arbor Month as a key public outreach 3c Parks City $ period each year for education and encouraging stewardship of trees in the City. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 103 Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Continue to celebrate Heritage Trees and provide 3d tree care assistance through the Heritage Tree Planning City $ Preservation Grant Program. Update educational materials every 3 years to ensure information is aligned with current arboricultural 3e knowledge. Create new stewardship and educational Parks Planning, PW $$ materials as needed to address emerging issues. Encourage tree planting in riparian areas by providing community education and outreach to connect PW, Planning, planting native trees to creating wildlife corridors, Parks Watershed $ stabilizing stream temperatures for salmonids, and Councils the importance to the region. Use the Lake Oswego Effective Shade report as a reference. Provide guidelines for private property owners and developers including best management practices 3o for species selection, tree planting, and "right tree, Planning -- $$ right place" to prioritize large-stature, mature trees to support maintaining canopy cover percentage. Ensure that age classes of trees are sufficiently 4b distributed to ensure environmental benefits continue Parks, PW -- $$ by consistently planting trees every year. 104 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Z J a- Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost o No. Partner(s) Continue to use canopy cover as a success- measuring metric of urban forest goals, and target 2 4f areas with low shade cover to increase equitable Planning Parks, PW, GIS $$ shade canopy. Consider establishing a canopy cover 2 goal to maintain over time. Increase awareness of the Lake Oswego Fire Department's Wildland Urban Interface Home Fire 4h Assessment Program to assist private property Planning Department owners on ways to reduce fuel loads and eliminate the fire's potential relationship with the house. Treat tree debris collected from storm damage or with known pests with Oregon Department of 4g $$ Agriculture's guidelines prior to using as landscape PW, Parks -- mulch throughout the City. Periodically review the City-recommended tree species list and update it as appropriate with the following attributes: climate resiliency or drought 4d tolerance, pest/disease susceptibility, allergen factor, PW, Parks Planning $ water use, native status, root damage potential, and overstory or understory canopy layer. Notes: PW= Public Works; Parks= Parks& Recreation; City= City council action required; FOT= Friends of Trees Costs: $ Low(0—$25,000); $$ Medium ($25,000—$50,000); $$$ High ($50,000—$100,000); $$$$Very High (>$100,000) A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 105 A SHORT-TERM ACTIONS: 1 TO 5 YEARS Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Clarify ROW tree management responsibilities of City 2q Planning, PW, Parks City $ departments. Develop a budget proposal for consideration during la the next regular budget cycle, based on the findings Planning PW, Parks $ from the Urban and Community Forestry Plan (UCFP). Create an updated GIS layer that delineates 2a categories of developed ROW, developed parks, GIS Parks, PW, $ undeveloped ROW, and City-owned natural areas to Planning clarify the inventory collection procedures. Complete a 100% inventory of trees in developed City rights-of-way (ROWs), developed City parks, and City- Parks, Planning, 2b owned and managed properties, and a 10% sample PW GIS sus inventory of trees in City-owned natural areas and unimproved ROWs. Standardize establishment care period requirements for City-planted trees. Ensure consistency among all City departments. Create a notification system 2d PW Parks, Planning $ for adjacent property owners who will adopt maintenance responsibilities for City-planted trees after the 3-year establishment period. 106 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a- Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost z No. Partner(s) Q Require mitigation trees to be planted for more tree z w removal permit types when there are viable planting 2 2o areas on site or allow payment into the Tree Fund if Planning -- $ Jw staff determines there is insufficient space to replant. 2 Pursue Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) and Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) grant funding lb to conduct a tree inventory, create a wood reuse PW, Parks Planning $ program, and prepare a pest action plan. Align tree practices, such as planting, establishment care, and pruning with ISA BMP Best Management 2i Practices (BMPs) and American National Standards PW Parks, Planning $$ Institute (ANSI) Standards. Ensure that guidelines are followed by City staff and its contractors. Establish guidelines for utilizing the City's existing Parks, PW, Tree Fund for tree planting, care, and maintenance, if Planning Watershed $ and a program to support tree giveaways to private Councils property owners. Consolidate all tree removal information in one 3j location for clarity. Planning -- $ LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 107 Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Clearly describe if and when the City may provide tree care assistance to trees on private property. 3k Ensure that tree care limitations are consistent across Planning, PW, Parks -- $ City departments. Clarify tree protection policies in sensitive areas such 5h Planning Parks, PW $ as riparian zones. Quantify acreage goals of invasive species removal in Parks, PW, 2n Planning Watershed $ specific open space, parks, or neighborhoods. Councils Increase transparency of the tree removal permit process by tracking all applications that are 3i Planning -- $ submitted (approved, denied, and withdrawn), as well as required mitigation. Update Lake Oswego Code (LOC) Chapters 50 and 55 per recommendations in Section 4 of the UCFP to 5a be in compliance with Oregon State Regulations to Planning -- $$$$ apply clear and objective standards to applications involving housing. Encourage regular meetings between Planning, Parks & Recreation, and Public Works Departments to 5g Parks, Planning, PW -- $ ensure work activities are effectively coordinated and operating as intended. Notes: PW= Public Works; Parks= Parks& Recreation; City= City council action required; Costs: $ Low(0—$25,000); $$ Medium ($25,000—$50,000); $$$ High ($50,000—$100,000); $$$$Very High (>$100,000) 108 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE , . , .. . • , " . it;. talLibellit V.. . .,,..,... .../.- C.,: , .',. •_....,,:.1.: \WI' 2i- '`. 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'' '. 3. - ' ..12( ., 41''', " .t . k.. , -., •. -, ,,.. , _ . :-.4664,„ ..,• . , - -- . :- -,;' •,‘ s owf;,,,f,-,n' --/„.,-,' . -r.,;. ...,..,,, . ....- . , ,,- 1 1 • t7. _;3( - • _ • . -...• -.1. .-7, , ,-, ..„.,... ,, ...- •-0....- 0‘ •-v. .,. L _ , .... ,..--f----- ,... j,' . •. . ,./...„- _/ .1 - 4,i ' ' •' T' , I . ,- . . . _ . • ...:, 0.)11'.,,,_: 1....414111.' .t . ,.‘0,' 1- •fr .. ' l'' .-%--4, -t' • ,-. ...., . '-'-v- . -- s -- -1 -: .e-, - Ailiklikiiiii..: ' ..:,•-ii- - ''A.'-,--3i., A ----- - .‘-,t-?'r •- ,- .- , e-. - - ,o, _, . < -. . _ SOD -.•:•-„,` 1.,. ,.,•..,,. :....._ •/ ..(a., t'......'llb, ......., .._2•by....A.1--.. -• - '", ..,L.,_.• _ ' ' .4. ".- -*..sg,A .. #• MEDIUM-TERM ACTIONS: 5 TO 10 YEARS Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Conduct a hazardous tree survey to identify 2f hazardous, dead, or otherwise undesirable street PW, Parks Planning $$$$ trees and along public trails. Limit topping permits to utility companies as much 2p as possible and consider replacing trees using "right Planning -- $ tree, right place" concept. Create a tree risk management program that includes risk assessments every 3 to 5 years of City-managed 2h PW Parks $$$$ trees and trees in directly managed parks and City facilities. 2j Develop a tree replacement program for targeted PW Parks $$$$ ROWs. Implement a formative structural pruning program for 2k young and newly planted trees to mitigate potential Parks -- $$$$ tree structure and safety issues for trees in parks. Identify additional incentives for homeowners and builders to preserve trees, to ensure that existing 3g trees are given extensive thought in the planning Planning $ process and integration into the development plan. 110 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z Q J a Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost z No. Partner(s) Q Develop a strategy to increase tree management z w funds because as the City's trees age they will require 2 w increased maintenance costs, and the looming arrival a 1d of invasive pests such as emerald ash borer (Agrilus Parks, Planning, PW City $ 2 planipennis) and Mediterranean oak borer (Xyleborus monographus) will require costly removal or treatment programs. As part of the City's budgeting process, consider funding an urban forester position, either through an 2s on-call consultant or City staff position, to implement Parks Planning $$$$ tasks within the strategic plan. Establish an internship program to enhance the urban Planning, PW, 3h forestry workforce. Parks Watershed $$$$ Councils Create a tree debris utilization program that helps Parks, 31 retain carbon sequestration benefits and provides PW Watershed $$$$ hyperlocal bioresources to the community. Councils Target increasing tree canopy in areas identified in the 2021 Effective Shade Report by providing 3m education on the value of trees planted in these PW Planning, Parks $$$$ areas. A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 111 Action Action Responsible Party Recommended Cost No. Partner(s) Establish soil volume standards for street trees and parking lots. In areas where soil volume standards 4a PW Planning $$ cannot be met, use structural soils and other technologies like suspended pavement systems. Require street tree planting for all new development 4e and provide guidelines for mitigation trees planted on Planning -- $ site to maintain canopy cover. Update the Comprehensive Plan's Healthy 5b Ecosystems chapter as described in Section 4. Planning City $$ Update the TMDL Implementation Plan as described 5c in Section 4. PW City Update the 2020 Sustainability and Climate Action 5d Plan as described in Sections 4. City Manager's Office City $$ Consider including analyses and recommendations 5e in future Effective Shade Reports as described in Planning Parks $ Section 4. Update the 2022 Stormwater Management Plan as 5f described in Section 4. PW City $$ Notes: PW= Public Works; Parks= Parks& Recreation;City=City council action required; Costs: $ Low(0—$25,000); $$ Medium ($25,000—$50,000); $$$ High ($50,000—$100,000); $$$$Very High (>$100,000) 112 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE z a J A LONG-TERM ACTIONS: 10-PLUS YEARS a z O Action Action Responsible Party Recommended 1151.r a No. Partner(s) 1— z w Establish a pruning cycle goal of 5-7 years for all w 2g PW Parks $$$$ City-managed ROW trees. a- Notes: PW= Public Works; Parks= Parks& Recreation; City= City council action required; Costs: $ Low(0—$25,000); $$ Medium ($25,000—$50,000); $$$ High ($50,000—$100,000); $$$$Very High (>$100,000) ,olgosc7-7."-c ;}\ + / , le „ fop, ____ .___,.. .=-f -- - �� A LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 113 7 MONITORING PLAN Z MONITORING PLAN a J d An Urban and Community Forestry Plan is intended to be a living document,that is continually reviewed and updated to meet the emerging Z Fe priorities of the City and challenges it faces, such as shifting environmental or economic conditions. The monitoring plan for the UCFP utilizes p the Community Assessment and Goal-Setting tool (Assessment tool) developed by the Vibrant Cities Lab to measure progress towards Z Z a sustainable urban forest. The initial evaluation (as pictured below) was completed by City staff and the Consultant team in March 2024. 0 The assessment tool includes 28 questions related to various aspects of urban forest sustainability and asks the user to select the current state and goal state. The current and goal state each have a numerical value and the difference between them is referred to as the "Gap" to sustainability. This tool gives the City a quantifiable method to track progress and reflect improvements in urban forest program efforts. Even though Lake Oswego scored perfect in ten categories and has a higher than the average score compared to other cities, the City should strive to continually improve and should retake the Assessment tool every two years to measure progress towards the sustainability indicators. The full Assessment taken by City staff can be found in Appendix D. FINAL SCORECARD TOTAL CURRENT TOTAL GOAL SCORE GAP COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT & GOAL-SETTING 60 109 49 Section Current Goal Measure Your Current Tree Canopy and Set Goals 4 4 Urban Forest Inventory and Assessment 5 8 Know What's Happening to Trees in Your Community 9 12 Urban Forest Characteristics 3 8 Engaging Peers and Residents in Process 11 16 Creating Essential, Effective Public/Private Partnerships 7 11 Resource Management: Planning 3 12 Resource Management: Implementation 13 24 Resource Management: Monitoring and Maintenance 5 14 LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 115 REFERENCES REFERENCES CITED Andrus, R. A., Chai, R. K., Harvey, B. J., Rodman, K. C., and Veblen, T. T. (2021). "Increasing Rates of Subalpine Tree Mortality Linked to Warmer and Drier Summers." Journal of Ecology, 109(5): 2203-2218. Ball, J., S. Mason, A. Kiesz, D. McCormick, and C. Brown. 2007. `Assessing the Hazard of Emerald Ash Borter and Other Exotic Stressors to Community Forests." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5): 350-359. Bassuk, N. and Sutton, M. 2012. "Moving Beyond the Natives/Exotics Debate." Urban Habitats 7: March 2012. Chang, M., L. Erikson, K. AraUjo, E.N. Asinas, S. Chisholm Hatfield, L.G. Crozier, E. Fleishman, C.S. Greene, E.E. Grossman, C. Luce, J. Paudel, K. Rajagopalan, E. Rasmussen, C. Raymond, J.J. Reyes, and V. Shandas. 2023. Chapter 27, Northwest. In Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH27. City of Lake Oswego. 2007. Lake Oswego Urban and Community Forestry Plan. Accessed online at: https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/ files/fileattachments/planning/webpage/12279/urban_forestry_plan_dec07.pdf. City of Lake Oswego. 2009. Lake Oswego's State of the Urban Forest Report. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/ sites/default/files/fileattachments/planning/webpage/12279/state_of the urban_forest_report jun09.pdf City of Lake Oswego. 2018. TMDL Implementation Plan 2019-2023. October 31, 2018. Accessed December 21, 2022. https://www.ci.oswego. or.us/WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=1585301&repo=CityOfLakeOswego&cr=1. City of Lake Oswego. 2021. Effective Shade Report. Prepared for Lake Oswego Parks and Recreation. Portland, Oregon: AECOM. December 2022. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/Effective%20Shade%20Report%20 with%20Appendix%20-%20Dec%202021.pdf. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 117 City of Lake Oswego. 2022a. State of the Urban Forest Report. December 2022. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/ WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=2169481&repo=CityOfLakeOswego&cr=1. City of Lake Oswego. 2022b. Natural Areas Habitat Management Plan. December 2022. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/LO_NatAreas_HMP_12.09.2022.pdf. City of Lake Oswego. 2023a. "A Brief History of Our City..." Accessed December 12, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/library/brief-history- our-city. City of Lake Oswego. 2023b. "Invasive Tree Species." City of Lake Oswego Planning & Building Department. Accessed December 20, 2023. https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/trees/webpage/24966/attachment_5_invasive_tree_species_id_guide_ lowres_11-3-11.pdf. Donovan, G. H., J. P. Prestemon, D. Gatziolis, Y. L. Michael, A. R. Kaminski, and P. Dadvand. 2022. "The Association Between Tree Planting and Mortality: A Natural Experiment and Cost-Benefit Analysis." Environment International 170, 2022, 107609. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0160412022005360?via%3Dihub. Insight, Columbia. 2022. "The Forest Service is Experimenting with Relocating Tree Species to Save Them from Climate Change." Investigate West. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.invw.org/2022/09/15/the-forest-service-is-experimenting-with-relocating-tree- species-to-save-them-from-climate-change/. Kardan, O., P. Gozdyra, B. Misic, F. Moola, L. J. Palmer, T. Paus, and M. G. Berman. 2015. "Neighborhood Greenspace and Health in a Large Urban Center." Scientific Reports 5, 11610. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11610. Kuo, S.C. 2020. "Racial Diversity in Early Oswego: African Americans and Native Americans." Lake Oswego Preservation Society. November 10, 2020. Accessed November 12, 2023. https://lakeoswegopreservationsociety.org/racial-diversity-in-early-oswego-african- americans-native-americans/. 118 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE Leahy, I. 2017. "Why We No Longer Recommend a 40 Percent Urban Tree Canopy Goal." American Forests. January 12, 2027. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.americanforests.org/article/why-we-no-longer-recommend-a-40-percent-urban-tree-canopy-goal/. Lesh, J. 2019. Woody Weeds of Clackamas County. WeedWise Program, Clackamas Soil and Water Conservation District. Oregon City, Oregon. Accessed December 20, 2023. https://weedwise.conservationdistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/Woody- Weeds-of-Cl acka m as-Cou my-we b-8.5.pdf. McBride, J.R., & Lacan, I. (2018). The impact of climate-change induced temperature increases on the suitability of street tree species in California (USA) cities. Urban Forestry& Urban Greening. Miller, R.H., and R.W. Miller. 1991. "Planting Survival of Selected Tree Taxa." Journal of Arboriculture 17(7): 185-191. Morgenroth, J. et al. "DBH Distributions in America's Urban Forests —An Overview of Structural Diversity." Forests, vol. 11, no. 2, February 2020. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_morgenroth_001.pdf Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann, and J. C.Stevens. 1996. "Measuring and Analyzing Urban Tree Cover." Landscape and Urban Planning 36 (1): 49-57. ODF and ODA(Oregon Department of Forestry and Oregon Department of Agriculture). 2021. Emerald Ash Borer: Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.oregon.gov/odf/Documents/forestbenefits/eab-readiness-and-response- plan-for-oregon.pdf Oregon Department of Forestry. 2022. Western Oregon State Forests Habitat Conservation Plan. Public Draft. February 2022. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-03/wosf-hcp-feb-2022.pdf. Sander, H., S. Polasky, and R. Haight. 2010. "The Value of Urban Tree Cover: A Hedonic Property Price Model in Ramsey and Dakota Counties, Minnesota, USA." Ecological Economics 69:1646-1656. LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE I 119 Santamour, F.S. 1990. Trees For Urban Planting: Diversity, Uniformity, And Common Sense. Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance. 7: 57-65. Tilman, D. and J.A. Downing. 1994. "Biodiversity and Stability in Grasslands." Nature 367: 363-365. https://doi.org/10.1038/367363a0. Taylor, M. S., B. W. Wheeler, M. P. White, T. Economou, and N. J. Osborne. 2015. "Research note: Urban street tree density and antidepressant prescription rates—A cross-sectional study in London, UK." Landscape and Urban Planning 136, April 2015: 174-179. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.005. Tsai, Wei-Lun, M. R. McHale, V. Jennings, O. Marquet, J. A. Hipp, Yu-Fai Leung, and M. F. Floyd. 2018. "Relationships between Characteristics of Urban Green Land Cover and Mental Health in U.S. Metropolitan Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(2): 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020340. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. "Heat Island Reduction Activities." In Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies. Draft. Accessed December 21, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_6. pdf. Washington DNR 2019. The State of Washington Urban Forest Pest Readiness Playbook. October 2019. Accessed December 21, 2023. https:// invasivespecies.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Urban ForestPestReadinessPlaybook.pdf. Wolf, K. L. 2020. "City Trees And Property Values."Arborist News 16(4): 34-36. Wolf, K. L., S. T. Lam, J. K. McKeen, G. Richardson, M. Van Den Bosch, and A. C. Bardekjian. 2020. "Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(12): 4371. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2024. Consumer Price Index Inflation Calculator. https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. 120 I LAKE OSWEGO URBAN &COMMUNITY FORESTRY PLAN UPDATE .K .4, 11/4 - API ••,. el _- e• ...••-• .1, ..• ill'ir .:elAke ,,,,,N, ,_, , ,„ , ".„1. • .A. ..44.: • ••-,:•,.."`,y" --14., • - ' - VIr• ' • .'": - ."'14k '„. • '.. . -.71"." ' --'c .. ,.--s,3-„: . -ici',4.. ..-.. - , _, , ' . , • -...4ti... . , • -‘ : 1 .,... ..,'- 1,:j-"Pikt":; '-'1',.„,,*. ••".'•:''.., Niiiti;;• % .4,.r- vat$,... • . ...), ,,,. •• • • '.7,jir•wr„,, ....., _--. • IhNk. 10-. • c • •• `4 :•y. ..1r-r4 t• ..4 . .; : • -' •>4.41*•11•'''' ' •1 ':' ;• - a .,,P I ' ' • 1r• -•• - - ":-..*. - • 1 •. •• - -' ,dt. .1. • - ..• .--..,..:i*I .- • - , ...''-' --'' ' . •-•'•‘ ) 0471 • . ..44, , ' 1,,,' `••' =44'4 .., I 4rt_ 4' to.... ;-,1,.74,;:!, • p, ' Ii,.t .1, ' i.••„•. . , , ..r. '... ••• 7±41%,7.. :- /' ,,,.. 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