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Exh G-002 Horman 06-05-2026
E £ n Planning Commission Public Comments and Testimony �RE60� Please fill out the form, below,to submit comments on a pending land use application.All written comments and materials are due by the deadline listed on the Notice.Submittals received by the deadline will be entered into the public record of file and will be considered by the decision body.Contact the Staff Coordinator listed on the Notice if you have questions. Case Number* Please see the Notice for the Land Use Case number. If you do not see your case in the list,the comment period is not yet open or has ended;check the Notice for dates. LU 26-0014 Tree Code Amendments Case Number- LU 26-0014 Tree Code Amendments Verification* Please re-select the case number to ensure the comment routes to the appropriate case. First Name* Tom Last Name* Horman Address Street Address 5200 SW Meadows Rd.,Ste. 150 Address Line 2 City State/Province/Region Lake Oswego OR Postal/Zip Code 97035 Email* tom@aptnets.com Please type your comments in the box below,or you may upload a PDF of the comments.Videos must be MP4s. PDF and MP4 attachments may not exceed 250 MB in combined size. If you have other media types, please contact pctestimony@I akeoswego.city to coordinate submission to the public record. Comments* Reference materials to be considered for the Iu-26-0014 Tree Code updates File Upload Reference materials to be considered for the Iu-26-0014 12.82M B Tree Code updates.pdf fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-I11423-Part- 374.71 KB 1.pdf fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423-Part- 2.91 MB 2.pdf fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423-Part- 10.42MB 3.pdf PDF or MP4 formats only,total attachment maximum size is 250 MB From:tom@aptnets.com To:PC Testimony Subject:Reference materials to be considered for the lu-26-0014 Tree Code updates Date:Friday, June 5, 2026 10:18:49 AM Attachments:fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-3.pdf fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-1.pdf fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-2.pdf You don't often get email from tom@aptnets.com. Learn why this is important See attached files for their data that should be considered as part of this deliberative process; I’ve put a brief description about each of them: fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-1.pdf - Pages 1 and 2 of the OSU publication (full document was too big to send via email) fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-2.pdf - Page 3 of the OSU publication (This page was too big to attach, so it was resaved in black and white mode to make the file size smaller) fire-resistant-plants-for-home-landscapes-111423 - Part-3.pdf - Pages 4 through 56 of the OSU publication (full document was too big to send via email) Note: You can download the full document from this OSU site: https://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pnw-590-fire-resistant-plants-home-landscapes Thank you, Tom Tom Horman CCIE #3181 (R&S) Owner/Sr. Consulting Engineer tom@aptnets.com 5200 SW Meadows Rd., Ste. 150 Lake Oswego, OR 97035 Cell 503.706.6418 Fax 503.305.6960 AptNets, Inc. Excellence, Integrity, Commitment PUBLIC RECORDS LAW DISCLOSURE This e-mail is a public record of the City of Lake Oswego and is subject to public disclosure unless exempt from disclosure under Oregon Public Records Law. This email is subject to the State Retention Schedule. and everything around it out to 100 feet (out to 200 feet on steeper slopes). Reduce potential fuel materials within the HIZ to create gaps and slow the spread of any potential wildfires toward your home. Defensible space also allows room for firefighters to fight the fire safely. This publication uses National Fire Protection Association standards for HIZ distance (Figure 1). See more detailed information in The Home Ignition Zone: Protecting Your Property from Wildfire, EM 9247, https://extension. oregonstate.edu/catalog/pub/em-9247-home- ignition-zone-protecting-your-property-wildfire. HIZ distance guidelines may vary in individual states; check with your local fire department or state authorities on defensible space requirements. Taking action Most homeowners want a landscape that: ◾Is aesthetically pleasing. ◾Creates privacy. ◾Complements their home. ◾Varies in color, texture, flowers and foliage. Plant selections should also factor in flammability, since plants contribute to potential fuel. Homeowners should reduce fuel and fire hazards around their homes and include fire-resistant plants in their landscapes. Equally important are proper plant placement, spacing and ongoing plant maintenance. These practices, when combined, can help protect your home. They do this by blocking intense radiant heat, reducing direct contact with flames and reducing the chance that embers ignite your home (Figure 1). Flammable plant material in your landscape can increase the fire risk directly around your home. The 2010 Oak Knoll Fire in Ashland, Oregon, is a prime example of how flammable plant material can act as fuel and contribute to wildfire. In this fire, wood shake roofs, high grass and fire-prone plants such as Leyland cypress all contributed to home loss (Figure 2). 4INTRODUCTION Protecting your family, home and community Fire-resistant does not mean fireproof! Even fire-resistant plants will burn if not well maintained. Be sure to keep all of your landscape plants healthy with appropriate watering, proper pruning, etc. Figure 2. This border of Leyland cypress shrubs was completely consumed by wildfire in the 2010 Oak Knoll fire in Ashland, Oregon. This type of shrub has fire-prone characteristics and is not recommended for use in a fire-wise landscape. PHOTO: Ali True PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 55INTRODUCTION Plant characteristics What are fire-resistant plants? Fire-resistant plants are those that do not readily ignite from a flame or other ignition sources. These plants can be damaged or even killed by fire. However, they tend to produce fewer embers, the most common cause for homes burning in wildfires. Their foliage and stems do not significantly contribute to fuel and fire intensity. Several other significant factors influence the fire characteristics of plants, including plant moisture content, age, total volume, dead material and chemical content. Most healthy deciduous shrubs and trees are fire-resistant. But both native and ornamental plants can be highly flammable. Spreading or upright juniper is one highly flammable shrub often planted in home landscapes (Figure 3). Avoid landscaping with highly flammable plants directly around your home. Fire-resistant ◾Branching patterns are open and loose. ◾Plants have little dead wood and tend not to accumulate dry, dead material. ◾Sap is waterlike and does not have a strong odor. ◾Sap or resin are minimal. ◾Leaves are wide, flat, moist and supple. Highly flammable ◾Plants contain fine, dry or dead material, such as twigs, needles and leaves. ◾Leaves, twigs and stems contain volatile waxes, terpenes or oils. ◾Leaves are aromatic. (They have a strong odor when crushed.) ◾Sap is gummy, resinous and has a strong odor. ◾Bark may be loose or papery.Figure 3. The interior of improperly pruned ornamental juniper demonstrates fire-prone traits. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler Fire-resistant plants, like this serviceberry, have open branching patterns and moist leaves. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler This Arborvitae has a lot of dry, dead material in its interior, increasing fire risk. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 6PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 6INTRODUCTION Selecting fire-resistant plants How this list was developed This plant list was developed from existing scientific literature on plant flammability. The research on plant flammability, especially for ornamental plants, is limited. The list includes plants adapted to grow in either irrigated or non- irrigated landscapes. However, most listed plants require some irrigation to survive summer months, particularly in drier regions. Use the above list of plant characteristics to help determine whether to include plants in your landscape that are not listed in this guide. Landscape environments vary throughout the Pacific Northwest. Always check with your local Extension office or a nursery when selecting fire-resistant plant material. Avoid invasive plants and ensure your choices are suitable for your environment. At the time of this printing, none of the plants listed in this guide were on state noxious weed lists in Oregon, Washington or Idaho. You may choose from an array of attractive, fire- resistant trees and other plants. This publication lists perennials, groundcovers, trees and shrubs. These plants are adaptable to several regions in the Pacific Northwest and other Western states. Most people choose plants based on flower color, light requirements (sun or shade), fragrance or overall appearance. These are all valid reasons for selecting plants. But your first priority in a fire-wise landscape should be to select the fire- resistant plants best adapted to your region. Group plants with similar adaptability, water, soil and sunlight requirements. Use drought-tolerant plants in drier locations. When choosing non-native plants, make sure they are non-invasive. Invasive plants can displace native plants, causing both environmental and economic damage. Figure 4. This conifer touches the roofline, increasing the risk of a wildfire spreading to the home. Remove this tree and the ornamental grasses in the foreground to create a defensible space. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler 6 The mature size of plants is an often overlooked factor to consider. This is especially important when planting trees or shrubs near homes. Ensure adequate spacing so that fire cannot spread into the canopy (Figure 4) or touch roof lines as the plants mature. Allow enough space for a plant to fill in without needing to severely prune it or move it as it matures. In the 5- to 30-foot zone, choose low-growing (12 inches or less) perennials or groundcovers over taller ones. Be sure to choose plants that are adaptable to your area and suitable for your U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone. Hardiness zones are meant to serve as guides, not as an absolute for plant selection and survivability. Many other factors Selecting fire-resistant plants The mature size of plants is an often overlooked factor to consider. PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 7PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 7INTRODUCTION Selecting fire-resistant plants contribute to whether a plant will survive and become more fire-prone. These include soil type, rainfall, heat tolerance, and exposure to wind and sun. Consider the microclimates that exist in your community and your own backyard. Placing, spacing, mulching and maintenance While plant selection is important, so are design and plant spacing. Avoid placing any plant material within 5 feet of the home, known as the immediate zone in the HIZ. The intermediate zone (5–30 feet out from the home) can include fire-resistant plants that are well-maintained and adequately spaced. Allow 10 feet or more between group plantings. Increase these distances if your home is on or near slopes. Allow ample space between plantings both vertically and horizontally. Avoid planting in rows, as this can create a continuous path of fuel for fire to spread. Reduce ladder fuels (Figure 5) by removing tall grass, shrubs and small trees beneath larger trees. Keep a minimum of 15 feet between tree branches and your home. To maintain your fire-wise landscape, follow best practices on pruning, watering, mowing heights and plant placement. For more maintenance tips, see The Home Ignition Zone: Protecting Your Property from Wildfire, EM 9247. Designing for small spaces in urban lots In more urban environments, houses are closer together with smaller lot sizes. Fire- wise landscape practices still apply to plant selection, spacing and fuel reduction. But the key to protecting urban homes on smaller lots is cooperation within neighborhoods. Take an organized approach to communicating expectations for a fire-wise community. For example, fuel reduction — such as removing pine needles or plant debris from gutters and roofs — Figure 5. Ladder fuels are flammable materials that allow fire to spread up into the canopy of a tree, which can create windblown embers. ILLUSTRATION: Christina Friehauf 7 should be a goal for all homeowners. Use HIZ best practices in the area from the home out to the edge of the property, even if it measures less than 100 feet. See “Resources” on page 10 Using decorative mulch and hardscapes in your landscape Mulch can help conserve moisture, minimize erosion and suppress weeds. However, it’s important to use the right type of mulch and in the right locations. Bark mulch, while a popular choice in home landscapes, IS NOT recommended within 5 feet of a home. Bark mulch or chips can easily ignite, especially when dry. Also avoid recycled rubber mulch materials, which are highly flammable. Instead, consider using nonflammable decorative rock or gravel, especially in areas adjacent to your home (Figure 6). See The Combustibility of Landscape Mulches, UN Extension SP-11-04, https://extension. unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=2982. PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 8PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 8 Hardscaping is the use of pavers, boulders, statues, benches — anything that is not a living plant but adds design features or utility to your outdoor living space. Hardscape features that are noncombustible can add beauty and create a defensible space around the home. Maintenance Properly maintain your landscape in the HIZ to keep plants healthy and reduce potential fuel. Follow these practices annually as needed, particularly as the growing season progresses and plant material (fuels) accumulates or dries out. ◾Keep plants, including turfgrass, well-watered to maintain plant health, sustain leaf moisture content and reduce drought stress that could lead to dead plant material. ◾Remove any dead or dying plant material such as branches. Cut back spent blossoms, leaves and stems throughout the growing season. ◾Prune or remove trees and shrubs as needed to reduce ladder fuels and maintain horizontal and vertical spacing between plant clusters. Prune conifers in early to midwinter to avoid attracting insect pests (Figure 7). ◾Tune up your irrigation system in spring and monitor it throughout the growing season. ◾Keep turf grasses mowed to 3–4 inches and native grasses to 6 inches or less. ◾Remove weeds, invasive grasses and overgrown brush such as cheat grass and Himalayan blackberry. Annuals and bulbs Annuals and spring-blooming bulbs can be part of a fire-resistant landscape if well-watered and maintained. This publication does not list individual annuals due to the large number of choices available to homeowners. 8INTRODUCTION Selecting fire-resistant plants Figure 6. Decorative rock, a noncombustible mulch, used around the perimeter of the home. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler Figure 7. These native conifers have been pruned up and the ground below cleared to reduce fuel load. PHOTO: Stephen Fitzgerald Figure 8. Annuals such as these in a container can be used in a fire-wise landscape if well maintained. PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 9PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 99INTRODUCTION Selecting fire-resistant plants Turf You can include a well-maintained lawn in a fire- resistant landscape. (Figure 9). Keep grass mowed to an appropriate height for your grass type. Mow to 3–4 inches. Your lawn should be well-irrigated, thriving and free of dead patches or unkept weedy areas. Some common cool-season grasses include Kentucky bluegrass, turf-type tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, fine fescue and bentgrass. Some types are more drought tolerant than others. For more information on lawn care and maintenance, see the OSU Extension website, https://extension. oregonstate.edu/gardening/lawn. Not on the list: ornamental grasses, conifers and vines Ornamental grasses, conifers and vines add design and beauty to a landscape. Unfortunately, they have characteristics not suited for a fire-wise design. Most ornamental grasses grow too tall, and conifers contain flammable oils. Continuous stands of taller grasses can contribute to fire spread. Tall grasses planted beneath trees can spread fire to the branches. Vines can act as a ladder fuel. If you plant vines, place them in isolated areas away from the home. Only one vine, honeysuckle, is included in this guide. Avoid planting vines under other vegetation. If you choose to include grasses or conifers, place them away from the home in isolated areas. Avoid planting beneath trees. Frequent maintenance of conifers and ornamental grasses is critical to reducing fire risk. Trim dry, dead stalks and prune lower branches 6 to 10 feet from the ground to limit ladder fuels. When pruning branches, avoid removing more than 30% of the original canopy to prevent excessive stress to the tree. Leaving some lower branches for wildlife is acceptable farther away from the home (30- to 100-foot zone) as long as the tree is spaced away from other vegetation. Don’t plant conifers next to a home. If you have established conifers near your home that you cannot bear to remove, consider some mitigating actions. Prune overhanging branches and limbs. Create a minimum of 15 feet of clearance from the roof. Space other plants and shrubs farther away from conifers. Because conifers drop needles on roofs and gutters, annual cleaning is a must. Invasive plants For a current list of invasive plants in your area, see the following resources. ◾Oregon Invasive Species Council: http://oregon.gov/OISC/ ◾Oregon Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Control: http://oregon.gov/ODA/ PLANT/WEEDS/ ◾Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board: http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/INDEX.htm ◾Washington Invasive Species Council: https://invasivespecies.wa.gov/find-a-priority- species/?_sft_priority-specie-type=noxious-weeds ◾Idaho State Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Program: https://invasivespecies.idaho.gov/plants ◾Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States: https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org ◾USDA Plants Database: https://plants.sc.egov. usda.gov/home/noxiousInvasiveSearch ◾National Invasive Species Information Center: www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants Figure 9. A well-maintained lawn can be part of a fire-wise landscape. Grass or alternative groundcovers serve as an effective fuel break. PHOTO: Stephen Fitzgerald, © Oregon State University PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 10PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 10 Resources ◾The Combustibility of Landscape Mulches, SP-11-04, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, https://extension.unr.edu/ publication.aspx?PubID=2982 ◾Fire Resistance of Plants Master Database and Placement of Species within Firewise Landscape Zones for Southern Idaho, https://idahofirewise.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/ FireXResistanceXofXPlantsXMasterXDatabase.pdf ◾Fire-resistant Plants for Eastern Washington, https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp_fire_ resistant_plants_guide_easternwa.pdf ◾Firewise USA, https://www.nfpa.org/Public- Education/Fire-causes-and-risks/Wildfire/ Firewise-USA ◾The Home Ignition Zone: Protecting Your Property from Wildfire, EM 9247. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9247 ◾Keeping Your Home and Property Safe from Wildfire: A Defensible Space and Fuel Reduction Guide for Homeowners and Landowners, EM 9184. https:// catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9184 ◾Oregon Defensible Space, https:// oregondefensiblespace.org/ ◾Water-wise Gardening in Central Oregon, https:// catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9136 ◾Fire publications and resources from OSU Extension, https://extension.oregonstate.edu/ forests/fire ◾Wildlife-Friendly Fuels Reduction in Dry Forests of the Pacific Northwest, Woodland Fish and Wildlife, https://woodlandfishandwildlife.com/ publications/eastside-dry-habitats/wildlife- friendly-fuels-reduction-in-dry-forests-of-the- pacific-northwest/ ◾Oregon Flora, https://oregonflora.org ◾Oregon State University landscape plants, https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/ 10INTRODUCTION Resources and key Key to plants Each plant description includes one or more symbols to help you select the best plants for your landscape. Each symbol defined below designates adaptability, plant use and other notes of interest. Performs well with minimal supplemental irrigation (low water use). Performs well with supplemental irrigation (moderate water use). Needs supplemental irrigation (high water use). Prefers full sun (six or more hours) Prefers full sun to partial shade. Morning sun is best. Prefers full shade (six or more hours). Avoid afternoon sun. Attracts pollinators Attracts birds Attracts butterflies Deer-resistant (seldom damaged by deer but not deer-proof) Native species or cultivars available. L H M N False rock cress Aubrieta deltoidea Mat-forming, spreading perennial with grayish- green foliage. Attractive masses of flowers in spring. Good for rock gardens. height : 3–8 inches spread: 10–15 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers: purple, pink bloom time : May–June Basket-of-gold Aurinia saxatilis Provides spring color with blooms in shades of gold to light yellow and gray-green foliage. Prune after flowering to maintain shape. Excellent in rock gardens or mass plantings. height: 8–18 inches / spread : 1–2 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : gold to yellow bloom time: April–May Pussytoes or cat’s ears Antennaria species A mat-forming groundcover with silvery-gray foliage and tiny flowers. Works well between paving stones and in rock gardens. Native and cultivated varieties available. Attracts painted lady butterflies. height : 4–12 inches spread : 8–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–7 flowers: pink, white or rose bloom time: May–July PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 11PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 11 Groundcovers Groundcovers are low-growing perennials that often provide excellent coverage on slopes, aid in erosion control, and provide interesting foliage and beautiful flowers. The plants in this section are generally 12 inches high or less. Be careful not to allow groundcovers to run together. Allow for space in between plants to create natural fuel breaks. 11GROUNDCOVERS Antennaria–Aurinia L L PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Rockcress Arabis species Low-growing perennial with dark green or variegated foliage. Produces masses of tiny flowers in spring. Native and cultivated varieties available. Good for rock gardens. height : 6-12 inches spread: 12–20 inches usda hardiness zones : 4-8 flowers: White, pink bloom time : April–May L PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University N Photo: Liz West, CC 2.0 Mahala mat Ceanothus prostratus A low-growing groundcover native to higher elevations (above 4,000 feet). Not adaptable to lower elevations. Has an attractive leathery, evergreen leaf with blue flowers. height : 1–3 inches spread : 6–8 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers: blue bloom time: June–August Snow-in-summer Cerastium tomentosum This fast-growing groundcover provides nice contrast in the landscape with silvery-gray, woolly foliage. White flowers in summer. Good for rock gardens. May be invasive in areas of Washington and Idaho. Check the Invasive Plant Atlas (see “Resources”) and avoid planting in areas noted. height: 6–12 inches / spread: 2–3 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : white bloom time: June–July PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 12PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 1212GROUNDCOVERS Bellium–Cerastium Miniature mat daisy Bellium minutum Robust evergreen groundcover for shade. Tolerates low water but will be more vigorous with regular watering. Forms mat of small, spoon-shaped leaves and covers itself in small white daises, spring through summer. Great for rock gardens with an extended bloom time of three to four weeks. height : 2 inches spread: 15 inches usda hardiness zones : 5–9 flowers : white bloom time : May–September Poppy mallow Callirhoe involucrata Fine, green- leaved foliage with trailing stems; blooms for several months. Unique, cuplike blossoms. height: 6–8 inches spread : 24–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers: magenta bloom time: June-August PHOTOS: Andrey Zharkikh, CC BY 2.0 PHOTO: Gerald D. Carr, Oregon Flora L L PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University N L L M Iceplant Delosperma species Not to be confused with Carpobrotus edulis (also called Iceplant), which is known to be invasive. Low growing with succulent, green foliage that changes to reddish-bronze in winter. Not suitable for areas with long-term snow cover. Yellow ice plant is one of the most cold- hardy ice plants. Cultivars and varieties include D. cooperi (Purple iceplant), ‘Lavender Ice’ and ‘Mesa Verde®’, among many others. Great for rock gardens. height : 1–3 inches spread : 24–30 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–10 flowers: multiple colors bloom time: June–September GROUNDCOVERS Convallaria–Fragaria Sulphur buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum This low- maintenance groundcover is one of the more popular native buckwheat plants in the Western U.S. Works well in a rock garden and on slopes with green-leafed, mat-forming foliage. Provides nectar for native bees and butterflies. height : 4–12 inches spread: 20–24 inches usda hardiness zone : 3 flowers : Yellow bloom time : June–August Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis A shade plant, good for naturalizing in woodland gardens. Likes rich, moist soil but tolerates dry and clay soils. Has long, attractive green leaves and produces fragrant, white, bell-shaped flowers in spring. Orange-red berries follow the flowers, appearing in fall. All parts of this plant are poisonous. May be invasive in areas of Washington and Oregon. Check the Invasive Plant Atlas (see “Resources”) and avoid planting in areas noted. height: 6–12 inches spread: 8–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : white bloom time: April–May Photo: Liz West, CC 2.0 13 Wild strawberry Fragaria species A fast-growing groundcover with green foliage and white or pink flowers followed by red, edible fruit. Can be used for erosion control on slopes. Native species is F. vesca. Avoid planting invasive species F. chiloensis (beach strawberry). height: 8–10 inches / spread: 24–36 inches usda hardiness zones : 5–9 flowers : white or pink bloom time : May–July PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University L NL L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Red Mountain’ ‘Mesa Verde’ Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis A spreading semi-evergreen with shiny, dark-green leaves and white, spiky flowers. Grows well in shady areas. More compact varieties available. height: 6–8 inches / spread: 10+ inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers : white bloom time: June GROUNDCOVERS Gallium–Pachysandra Sweet woodruff Galium odoratum A mat-forming groundcover, good for shady areas and rock gardens. Spreads by creeping roots and has lance- shaped green leaves. Small, white flowers appear in spring and early summer — they’re rich in nectar and pollen. Great for rock gardens. May be invasive in areas of Washington and Oregon. Check the Invasive Plant Atlas (see “Resources”) and avoid planting in areas noted. height : 6–12 inches spread : 8–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–10 flowers: white bloom time: April-June Dead nettle Lamium species Variegated foliage and colorful blooms throughout the season. Prefers a north- or east-facing location. Cultivars include ‘Orchid Frost’ and ‘White Nancy’. May be invasive in areas of Washington and Oregon. Check the Invasive Plant Atlas (see “Resources”) and avoid planting in areas noted. Avoid planting the invasive species Lamiastrum galeobdolan (yellow archangel). height: 4–6 inches spread: 15–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : pink, white or purple bloom time: April–June 14 M L PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University LANDSCAPE PHOTO: Andrey Zharkikh, K, CC BY 2.0 | Silver-edged horehound Marrubium rotundifolium A vigorous, mat- forming plant that works well in dry rock gardens. Interesting, soft fuzzy leaves have a silver underside that curl upward, creating the effect of a silver edge. height : 10 inches spread : 18 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers: silver-white bloom time: June M PHOTOS: Neil Bell (landscape) and Patrick Breen (inset), © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Orchid Frost’ PHOTO: Krzysztof Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0 M GROUNDCOVERS Phlox–Sempervivum Creeping phlox Phlox subulata A popular, profuse spring bloomer. Linear, green leaves form a low-growing mat. Lots of cultivars are available. P. diffusa is one of the native varieties with pink blooms. Good in rock gardens. height: 4–6 inches spread: 18–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers : white, blue, pink bloom time: April–June 15 Soapwort Saponaria ocymoides An attractive groundcover with profuse, fragrant, bright pink flowers in late spring. Good in rock gardens. Has a long bloom time. Avoid planting invasive species S. officinalis (Bouncingbet). height: 4–5 inches spread : 15–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 3-7 flowers: pink bloom time: May–June Sedum or stonecrop Sedum species One of the best choices for fire resistance. Groundcover with succulent foliage in shades of green to blue. Many varieties thrive in hot, dry conditions. Great for rock gardens. Some are an important source of nectar for butterflies and bees. Not all varieties are deer-resistant. S. divergens (Pacific stonecrop) is native with a yellow bloom. height: 2–12 inches spread: 6–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–8 flowers : white, yellow, pinkish-red bloom time : May–September NL L L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Hens and chicks Sempervivum species A unique groundcover with green, succulent, rosette-shaped foliage. The parent plant produces star-shaped flowers that rise up on a stalk and also produces smaller plants or “chicks.” Excellent in rock walls. height: 2–6 inches / spread: 6–10 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–10 flowers : pink bloom time: June–August L Speedwell Veronica species A low-growing groundcover with glossy green or woolly leaves. Showy in full bloom. Good for use in rock gardens. Taller species V. spicata attracts butterflies and bees. V. liwanensis (Turkish speedwell), V. pectinata (blue woolly speedwell) are popular non-invasive species. height: 1–6 inches spread : 12–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : blue, pink or white bloom time: May–June Creeping thyme Thymus praecox A low-growing groundcover with fragrant leaves in shades of light to dark green, yellow or variegated. You can use several low-growing species. Works well between pavers and in rock walls. height : 1–3 inches spread: 12–36 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : pink, white or purple bloom time : May–August GROUNDCOVERS Thymus–Veronica 16 Congratulations on your fire-wise landscape! Why not take a few photos of your landscape and share them on social media? Use the hashtags: #FirewiseLandscape #OSUExtension L L PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Turkish speedwell ‘Royal Candles’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Bressingham’ Yarrow Achillea species Fernlike foliage in shades of green to gray. Long blooming and drought tolerant. Make nice cut or dried flowers. Native variety is A. millefolium (common yarrow), but this variety will spread, so it’s not recommended in the home ignition zone. Seed-propagated varieties will reseed easily and can become invasive. Cultivars that will not reseed include ‘Coronation Gold’, ‘Moonshine’ and ‘Red Velvet’. height : 6–36 inches spread : 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers: white, red, yellow or pink bloom time : May–September Nodding onion Allium cernuum Native to North America. Easily grown, spreads by seeds and bulblets. Soil must be well drained, as this onion naturally grows in rocky soils. All parts of the plant are edible. height: 12–18 inches spread: 3–6 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : pink/purple, white bloom time: June–August Perennials Perennials survive two or more years in your landscape. They often die back in the winter, only to emerge again in spring. They provide a variety of colors, textures, shapes and sizes. Remove dieback on plants in fall to reduce fuel load, and design with breaks between clusters of plants. PERENNIALS Achillea–Allium 17 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L N Hummingbird mint Agastache species A tall border perennial with grayish-green, mint-scented leaves. Produces beautiful, fragrant, tubular flowers. Blooms later in summer. Several varieties available; some are more cold hardy than others. Attracts hummingbirds. Dwarf varieties available. height : 24–30 inches / spread: 15–18 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : Orange, pink, rose, blue bloom time : June–August ‘Coronation Gold’ Common yarrow PHOTO: Aaron Liston, Oregon Flora PHOTO: Gerald D. Carr, Oregon Flora L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Ornamental onion Allium ‘Globemaster’ A tall, showy perennial bulb featuring a 10-inch- round violet flowerhead. Remove spent flower when it fades. Can be used for both dried and cut flowers. Plant abulbs in late fall. This is a sterile variety that will not self-seed. height: 15–20 inches spread : 10–15 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : purple bloom time: June–August ‘Ivory Queen’ allium Allium karataviense ‘Ivory Queen’ A short ornamental onion variety with ivory flowers. Plant bulbs in well-drained soil in fall. Works well in container gardens or rock gardens. Easy to grow. Remove spent blooms. Attracts hummingbirds. height : 7–10 inches spread : 8–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 5–9 flowers: white/light pink bloom time: May–June ‘Star of Persia’ allium Allium cristophii Ornamental onion with 10-inch- diameter globe-shaped flowers in late spring to early summer. Foliage is small compared to other allium varieties. Plant bulbs in well-drained soil in fall. Can be used for dried or cut flowers. Remove spent blooms after they fade to prevent reseeding. height : 12–24 inches spread : 6–18 inches usda hardiness zones : 5–8 flowers: pink, purple bloom time : May-June PERENNIALS Allium 18 PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Chives Allium schoenoprasum A popular culinary herb with grasslike foliage and showy, globe- shaped, pink or purple flowers. Cut flowers back when done blooming to prevent spread. height: 12–24 inches spread : 20–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : pink, purple bloom time: June–August PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M M PHOTO: Niall McAuley, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 M M Sea thrift Armeria maritima Clump-forming perennial with grasslike foliage. Flowers rise up above the mound with pink or white pom-pom-type flowers. Good for use in rock gardens. height: 6–10 inches spread: 8–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : bright pink or white bloom time: May–June Orange butterfly weed Asclepias tuberosa A showy, fragrant orange blooming perennially that tolerates dry, rocky soil. Pollinator- friendly plant that is a food source for monarch butterfly larvae. Attracts hummingbirds. Late to emerge in spring. height: 1–2.5 feet spread: 1–1.5 feet usda hardiness zones : 3-9 flowers : yellow/orange bloom time : June–August Columbine Aquilegia species Dainty perennial with a spurred, trumpet-shaped flower. Foliage is grayish-green and shaped like a shamrock. Deadhead to encourage prolonged blooming. Partial shade for improved drought tolerance. Short lived but will reseed. A. formosa (western columbine) has a red and yellow bloom. Many cultivated varieties available. Attracts hummingbirds. height : 10–36 inches spread : 10–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers: multiple colors bloom time: May–July PERENNIALS Aquilegia–Baptisia 19 False indigo Baptisia hybrid Not to be confused with Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo bush), which is known to be invasive. A long-lived perennial with pealike flowers, a rounded growth habit (more shrublike) and interesting foliage. Used to make dye. Do not overwater. Host plant for the larvae of some butterfly species. Cultivars with blue, white or yellow flowers. height: 3–4 feet / spread: 3–4 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers : dark blue, yellow, white bloom time: May–June PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler (left), Neil Bell (right), © Oregon State University L M L PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University N L N Western columbine PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Heartleaf bergenia Bergenia cordifolia Large, glossy, green leaves in summer that change to burgundy in fall. Bell-shaped flowers rise up on a spike. height: 12–14 inches spread : 12–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : pink, white, bell-shaped bloom time: May–June Mariposa lily Calochortus species A delicate, tuliplike bulb native to the Western U.S. “Mariposa” is the Spanish word for butterfly and there are many species. Has a slender stem and narrow, bladelike, sparse foliage. One of the more popular species is C. nuttallii (Sego lily). height : 4–20 inches spread : 1–3 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–7 flowers: Purple, lavender, white bloom time: July–August Sedge Carex species These tidy, clump-forming, grasslike plants are semi-evergreen and work well in rock gardens or as edging. Foliage is flat in shades of green or variegated. Also does well in shade. Flowers are not showy. Avoid planting invasive species C. pendula (hanging sedge) and C. divulsa (grassland sedge). height: 12–18 inches spread: 10–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 PERENNIALS Bergenia–Coreopsis 20 Coreopsis or tickseed Coreopsis species Either a short-lived or long-lived perennial, depending upon variety. Produces single and double daisylike flowers in various colors. Green foliage and wiry stems. Popular varieties include ‘Moonbeam’, ‘Zagreb’ and ‘Sunburst’. height : 10–24 inches / spread: 12–18 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–9 flowers: golden yellow, light yellow, pink or red bloom time : June–October PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L M M M N ‘Evergold’ ‘Zagreb’‘Moonbeam’ PERENNIALS Dianthus–Echinacea 21 Coneflower Echinacea purpurea A popular perennial herb with large, daisylike flowers in various colors. Late blooming. Makes a good cut or dried flower. Provides color in late season. Some varieties are more cold-hardy than others. height : 2–3 feet / spread : 1.5–2 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers: purple, pink or white bloom time: July–September PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Dianthus, garden carnation or pinks Dianthus species Green or grayish-green foliage covered with blooms. Clump -forming growth habit. Some varieties are fragrant. Cultivars include ‘Firewitch’ and ‘Tiny Rubies’. Nice addition to rock gardens. height: 2–12 inches spread: 6–16 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–9 flowers : pink, white, red or yellow bloom time : May–August PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Delphinium Delphinium varieties Popular for tall, upright growth habit and beautiful spiked flowers in various shades. Works well in a perennial border. height: 1–7 feet spread : 1–3 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : blue, purple, white or pink bloom time: June–September PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L Bleeding heart, Western or Pacific Dicentra formosa A great shade- loving, native perennial with fernlike or showy foliage and spectacular, heart-shaped flowers. Attracts hummingbirds. D. spectabilis (bleeding heart) and D. eximia ‘Alba’ (fringed bleeding heart, white flowers) are also popular in gardens. Remove brown spent foliage once done blooming. height: 6-12 inches spread : 12–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : pink bloom time: March–May PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University N L ‘Pow Wow® Wild Berry’‘Cheyenne Spirit’ PHOTOS: Gerald D. Carr, Oregon Flora California fuchsia Epilobium canum (syn. Zauschneria) A showy, scarlet- blooming perennial with silvery gray foliage also known as Hummingbird flower. Provides mid- to late-summer color in the landscape. May self-seed. Less hardy in colder climates. height : 4–18 inches spread : 2–3 feet usda hardiness zones : 8-10 flowers: red bloom time : July–September Desert yellow fleabane Erigeron linearis A native of several Western states, this low-growing perennial has narrow leaves and golden, daisylike flowers in summer. Works well in dry areas and rock gardens. height: 2-12 inches spread: 24 inches usda hardiness zones: 5–8 flowers : white, yellow bloom time: May–July Blanket flower Gaillardia varieties Grayish-green foliage and daisylike flowers in various colors. Very drought tolerant. May be short-lived. Long- blooming perennial; keep deadheaded for continuous bloom. Fuzzy, round seedheads follow flowering. height: 8–36 inches spread: 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–10 flowers : red petals tipped in gold, all gold or burgundy, with reddish-brown centers bloom time: June–September PERENNIALS Epilobium–Geranium 22 Grayleaf cranesbill or bloody cranesbill Geranium cinereum or Geranium striatum Dwarf, semi-evergreen with gray-green foliage, a mounding growth habit and attractive blooms in summer. Works well as a groundcover or in rock gardens. Avoid planting invasive species G. lucidum (shiny leaf geranium), G. robertianum (herb Robert), G. dissectum (cutleaf geranium), G. columbinum (longstalk cranesbill) and G. molle (dovefoot geranium). height : 4–6 inches / spread: 10–12 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–9 flowers: pinks, white, magenta; saucer shape / bloom time : June–July PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Gerald D. Carr, Oregon Flora L L L M N ‘Rozanne’ N Prairie smoke Geum triflorum This low- maintenance prairie wildflower blooms with spring, nodding pink flowers, feathery green leaves and unique pink feathery seedheads. Works well as a ground cover. height : 3–4 inches spread : 6-12 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–6 flowers: pink, bell-shaped bloom time : May–June Sun rose Helianthemum nummularium A moundlike growth habit with gray-green foliage and delicate flowers. Prefers dry, more alkaline soils. Works well in rock gardens. height: 8–12 inches spread: 12–16 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–7 flowers : red, pink, yellow, orange or multicolored bloom time: June–August Daylily Hemerocallis species A popular perennial that works well in borders or mass plantings. Long, wide, grasslike foliage with mounding growth habit. Large flowers bloom for one day, die and are replaced by new blooms the following day. Many flower colors available. Better flower presentation with additional moisture. Blossoms are edible. height: 1–4 feet spread: 1–3 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers : white, yellow, pink, red, gold or mixed colors bloom time: July–August PERENNIALS Geum–Heuchera 23 PHOTOS: Gerald D. Carr, Oregon Flora PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Coral bells Heuchera sanguinea A showy perennial with dark green, maroon, reddish or gold foliage with scalloped edges. Flower stalks rise above the foliage and produce delicate blooms. Performs best in light shade. Best with east-facing exposure. Several native and many cultivated varieties available. Attracts hummingbirds. height: 12–20 inches / spread: 12–15 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : red, white or pink bloom time: June–September PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L L N ‘Belgravia Rose’ ‘Henfield Brilliant’ M ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum Hylotelephium herbstfreude Previously known as Sedum spectabile ‘Autumn Joy’. One of the easiest, more drought-tolerant perennials to grow in a garden. Fleshy, gray-green foliage and rounded, tall growth habit. Provides winter interest. height : 18–24 inches spread : 18–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–10 flower color : pink bloom time : August–September Hosta lily Hosta species A shade perennial with attractive foliage in various shades of green to bluish-green. Flower stalk rises above the leaves with a fragrant, bell-shaped flower. Many cultivars available. Attracts hummingbirds. height : 6–36 inches spread : 20–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers: purple, lavender or white bloom time: July–August Candytuft Iberis sempervirens Spreading, mounding growth habit with dark green foliage. Produces a profusion of white flowers in early spring. Several varieties available, including the more cold-tolerant cultivar ‘Whiteout’. Prune lightly after flowering. height: 6–12 inches spread : 10–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers : white bloom time: May-June Tall bearded iris Iris hybrids Bluish-green, swordlike leaves. Large, sophisticated, fragrant flowers in every shade (often bicolor). Lift and divide individual clumps every three to four years to keep maintained. Makes a nice cut flower. Requires less water after bloom. height : 16–30 inches / spread: 14–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–10 flowers: multi-colored bloom time : May–June PERENNIALS Hosta–Iris 24 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L M M PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Lavender Lavandula species Known for its attractive purple bloom, popular fragrance and dried flowers. Although it contains scented oils, this plant is slow to ignite if kept sufficiently watered and well-maintained. Has gray-green foliage. English and French lavender more hardy than Spanish varieties. height: 12–24 inches spread: 24–28 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : purple, white, lavender; spikelike bloom time: July–August Shasta daisy Leucanthemum x superbum Not to be confused with L. vulgare (oxeye daisy), which can be invasive. This is a nice late-summer-blooming perennial that requires little care and is drought tolerant. Makes a nice cut flower. height : 12–36 inches spread: 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–9 flowers: white bloom time : July–August Lewisia species L. x longipetala or L. cotyledon Western native with dark-green-leaved rosettes. Flower clusters rise above foliage. Easy to grow and drought tolerant. Good choice for rock gardens. Needs good drainage around crown and prefers some light shade. Native and cultivated varieties available. L. x longipetala (long-petaled lewisia) is more cold-hardy than L. cotyledon (Siskyou lewisia). height: 6–12 inches / spread : 6–10 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers : pink, magenta, peach bloom time: April-June PERENNIALS Kniphofia–Lewisia 25 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L N Torch lily or red-hot poker Kniphofia uvaria Stiff, bluish- green, tufted, grasslike foliage. Unique flower clusters rise on spikes above the foliage. Attracts hummingbirds. Avoid planting west of the Cascades in Oregon. height : 12–48 inches spread: 24–36 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–9 flowers: orange, yellow, white or green; often multicolored bloom time : June–August PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L Blazing star Liatris sp. A tall border perennial with spikelike blooms atop leafy, grasslike foliage. Cultivars include ‘Kobold’. Makes good cut flowers. Attracts hummingbirds. height: 12–36 inches spread: 8–15 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers : purple, pink, white bloom time: July–September PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Asiatic lilies Lilium spp. A showy fragrant flowering bulb in a variety of colors. Makes for good cut flowers. Prefer to have some shade at their base. ‘Stargazer’ is a popular variety. height : 28–36 inches spread : 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–9 flowers: multi-colored bloom time : June–August Blue flax Linum perenne A native, self- sowing wildflower with delicate leaves and stems. Excellent in mass plantings or meadows. Remove spent blossoms to promote longer blooming, prevent reseeding and keep tidy. height: 12–20 inches spread: 12–14 inches usda hardiness zones: 2–8 flowers : light blue or white bloom time: May–June Honeysuckle Lonicera species Use a metal trellis and isolate plant from others. Attractive, fast- growing vines with fragrant, trumpet-shape flowers. Can be used for covering a fence or trellis in the intermediate zone. Attracts hummingbirds. Popular varieties include ‘Goldflame’, ‘Dropmore’ and ‘Major Wheeler’. Avoid planting invasive L. japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) west of the Cascades in Oregon. spread: 10+ feet usda hardiness zones : 4–9 flowers : white, red, orange or yellow bloom time : July–September PERENNIALS Liatris–Lonicera 26 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University L M ‘Dropmore Scarlet’‘Gold Flame’ Martagon lily L PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Lupine Lupinus varieties A tall, border perennial with dark green foliage and showy flowers. May need staking. May need to manage for aphids and powdery mildew. Native species in the Pacific Northwest. height : 18–48 inches spread : 24–26 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–6 flowers: multiple colors including blue, yellow, pink bloom time : May–July Evening primrose Oenothera species A long-blooming perennial with a low-growing, trailing or more upright growth habit. Cup-shaped flowers in shades of yellow, white or pink. Good in rock gardens. Avoid planting potentially invasive species O. glazioviana (Redsepal evening primrose). height: 6–12 inches / spread : 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–7 flowers : lemon yellow, white or pink bloom time : June–October Prickly pear cactus Opuntia spp. A large group of succulent plants in many shapes and sizes, often covered with spines. Winter-hardy cactus. Good for use in rock gardens. Select more cold-hardy varieties for the Pacific Northwest. height: 3–48 inches spread: 3–48 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers : Purple, pink, red, yellow, white bloom time: May–July Oriental poppy Papaver orientale An ornamental perennial with large, papery, cup- shaped flowers. Interesting capsule-type seedpods follow flowering. height: 24–36 inches / spread: 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : orange, white, red, pink or purple with dark centers bloom time: June–July PERENNIALS Lupine–Papaver 27 PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University L N L PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Penstemon or beardtongue Penstemon species Excellent perennial for a dry garden. Available in several varieties and flower colors. Great specimen plant. There are large numbers of native and cultivated species. Attracts hummingbirds. Some are deer-resistant but not all. height: 4–48 inches spread : 6–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers: pink, purple, blue, red or white bloom time: June–August PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Tall garden phlox Phlox paniculata varieties Tall, upright- blooming perennial in various flower colors and dark green foliage. Flowers are fragrant and make good cut flowers. Select powdery mildew resistant varieties such as ‘David’ (white blossoms). Attracts hummingbirds. height: 24–36 inches / spread : 12–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 4-8 flowers : multiple colors bloom time : July–August Jacob’s ladder Polemonium spp. Fragrant, cobalt blue flowers in late spring/ early summer. This perennial thrives in part shade and prefers morning sun. Rapidly spreading groundcover in some parts of the country but not invasive in the Pacific Northwest. height: 12-18 inches spread : 16–18 inches usda hardiness zones: 3-8 flowers : blue bloom time: April–June Solomon’s seal Polygonatum commutatum Grown primarily for its attractive architectural form and foliage. Produces white hanging bell-shaped flowers that provide nectar and pollen for bees. Attracts hummingbirds. height: 36–42 inches spread: 24–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers : white bloom time: May to June PERENNIALS Penstemon–Polygonatum 28 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: James St. John, CC-BY 4.0 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: wplynn, CC-BY-NC-ND M M PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Pineleaf Rocky Mountain PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L N Pasque flower Pulsatilla patens The leaves and stems are unique in that they are covered with long silky hairs. One of the earliest spring-blooming flowers with a purple bloom and unique fluffy seed head. Some varieties of pasque flower are deer-resistant but not all. height: 8–12 inches spread: 6–10 inches usda hardiness zones : 3–7 flowers : purple bloom time : March–April Prairie coneflower Ratibida columnifera Tall, upright flowers with lacy, green foliage. Petals grow downward away from the tall center flower disk. Biennial. Remove spent flowers to prolong blooming. Seeds are a food source for some songbirds. height : 18–24 inches spread : 12–18 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers: yellow or red, with distinct tall center bloom time : July–October Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia fulgida or Rudbeckia hirta This attractive late-season perennial is low maintenance, easy to grow, and makes for good cut flowers. R. fulgida is perennial and R. hirta is biennial. height: 18-24 inches spread : 24 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers: golden yellow, with a black center bloom time: June–September Salvia Salvia sylvestris Formal, spiky perennial. Deadhead to encourage a second bloom. ‘Caradonna’ has dark purple stems. Cultivars that should not reseed include ‘East Friesland’, ‘May Night’, ‘Marcus’ and ‘Blue Hill’. Native S. dorrii (purple sage) has a more shrublike form and attracts hummingbirds. Avoid planting invasive species S. aethiopis (Mediterranean sage), S. sclarea (clary sage) and S. pratensis (meadow sage). height: 18–28 inches / spread : 20–24 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : purple bloom time : June–August PERENNIALS Pulsatilla–Salvia 29 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L ‘East Friesland’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Mossy saxifrage Saxifraga x arendsii Also called mossy rockfoil. Unique, finely dissected, bright-green foliage with dainty flowers rising above the tufts. Nice addition in a rock or alpine garden. Foliage is semi- evergreen. Several cultivars available. height : 3-8 inches spread : 3–12 inches usda hardiness zones : 4–7 flowers: pink, red, white bloom time : May–June Skullcap Scutellaria species Low-growing groundcover with a nice, mounding growth habit. Works well in a rock garden and in containers. Has a long bloom time. Varieties include ‘Dark Violet’, and ‘Smoky Hills’. There are some native varieties. Some are deer-resistant. height: 6–10 inches / spread : 10–15 inches usda hardiness zones: 5–8 flowers : purple, yellow, pink bloom time: May–September Goldenrod Solidago spp. Showy blossoms in late summer. Food source for bees and butterflies. A note of interest: Solidago species do not cause allergies, as some may think, and are likely confused with ragweed. Select lower-growing species for a fire-wise landscape such as ‘Little Lemon’ (10–12 inches). Other nice selections include ‘Golden Fleece’ and ‘Fireworks’. Some native varieties include S. canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) and S. multiradiata (Rocky Mountain goldenrod). height : 28–32 inches spread : 18–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–8 flowers: Yellow bloom time: July–September Orange globe mallow Sphaeralcea munroana A Western native with unique orange blossoms and silver-green foliage. Often will bloom twice in one season. Low maintenance and grows in most soil types. height: 36–42 inches / spread : 20–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers : orange bloom time: June–August PERENNIALS Saxifraga–Sphaeralcea 30 PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University L N M N PHOTOS: Missouri Botanical Garden L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M Lamb’s ear Stachys byzantina Grown for its soft, silvery-gray leaves and spikes of lavender-pink flowers. Foliage provides contrast in the landscape. Varieties include ‘Helen Von Stein’, which has a big leaf, and ‘Silver Carpet’, which has a low growth habit and is nonblooming, so it will not reseed. height : 12–15 inches spread : 12–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 4-8 flowers: Lavender-pink bloom time: May-July Fendler’s meadowrue Thalictrum fendleri A Western native (at 5,000 feet or above) with delicate, bluish-green, fernlike foliage related to columbine. Performs best in morning sun and afternoon shade. Low maintenance. Unique, pendantlike flowers with green, white or purplish sepals. height: 12–24 inches spread : 20–24 inches usda hardiness zones: 3–9 flowers: white, green, purple bloom time: March-June Aster Symphyotrichum species A tall perennial with ray-type flowers in shades of blue, purple, red, pink and white. Adds color to the late summer garden. New England varieties are popular. Native species is Douglas aster (Symphyotrichum subspicatum), which may self-seed. height : 2–3 feet spread : 1–2 feet usda hardiness zone: 3–8 flowers: multiple colors bloom time : August–October PERENNIALS Stachys–Tradescantia 31 M N L L PHOTO: Patrick Standish, CC BY 2.0 ‘Helen Von Stein’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L N PHOTO: Dylan M. Neubauer PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler Western spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis A unique perennial with continuous bloom and grasslike foliage. Allow leaves to die back to the ground after it is done blooming, then remove them. Plant may self-sow. Can look unkept midseason. height: 12–24 inches / spread : 10–12 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers : blue to purplish bloom time: June–July PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi A native mat-forming groundcover with glossy-green leaves. Pinkish- white flowers in spring are followed by red berries in the fall. Reddish fall color. Native and other selections available. height : 4–8 inches spread: 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones : 2–6 flowers: pinkish-white bloom time : June–September Oregon grape Berberis aquifolium (syn. Mahonia) An upright evergreen with shiny, dark- green leaves in summer, changing to purplish-red in fall. Fragrant, yellow flowers in the spring followed by bluish-black berries. Does best in morning sun to full shade. Plant two or more to improve berry production. Native and Oregon state flower. height: 5–6 feet / spread: 5–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–9 flowers : yellow bloom time: April–May Creeping holly Berberis repens (syn. Mahonia) Similar to Oregon grape but smaller in size. Spreading green leaves turn purplish-red in fall. Fragrant, yellow flowers followed by bluish-black berries. Does best in morning sun to full shade. height: 12–18 inches spread : 30–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : yellow bloom time: April–May Broadleaf evergreens This group of plants retains their leaves throughout the winter months. Their foliage may take on a winter color and then green up again in spring. Winter watering is recommended, especially during dry winters. BROADLEAF EVERGREENS Arctostaphylos–Berberis 32 PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L LNN N PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University Point Reyes ceanothus Ceanothus gloriosus Small, wide- spreading shrub with dark-green, leathery foliage and fragrant, blue- purple flowers in spring. Useful on steep coastal banks. Needs protection from wind and afternoon sun. Short- lived plant (five to 10 years). Varieties available. height: 12–36 inches spread : 5–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 7–9 flowers: blue-purple bloom time: April BROADLEAF EVERGREENS Ceanothus–Daphne 33 ‘Carol Mackie’ daphne Daphne x burkwoodii var. ‘Carol Mackie’ An attractive, semi-evergreen shrub with variegated leaves and fragrant, pinkish flowers in spring. Provides winter interest. One of the more cold-hardy daphne varieties. Prefers morning light and afternoon shade and protection from high winds. Attracts hummingbirds. height: 2–4 feet / spread: 2–4 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : pink bloom time : May PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityM Cranberry cotoneaster Cotoneaster apiculatus This species is not invasive in the Pacific Northwest. A broadleaf semi-evergreen. Dark, shiny, green leaves change to burgundy in fall. Interesting mounding habit. Produces tiny pink flowers followed by a red cranberrylike fruit that persists into winter. Eastern exposure is best. May need to clean out debris that collects under branches. Avoid planting potentially invasive species C. lacteus (Parney’s cotoneaster), C. franchetti (gray cotoneaster), C. horizontalis (rockspray cotoneaster). height: 12–36 inches spread : 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–7 flowers: pink bloom time: May–June PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M M Orchid rockrose Cistus purpureus An evergreen with a compact growth habit, green-gray leaves and showy, reddish-purple flowers. Tolerates wind and salt spray. One of the more hardy species of rockrose. height: 3–4 feet spread: 3–4 feet usda hardiness zones : 7–10 flowers : reddish-purple bloom time : May–August PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University L Salal Gaultheria shallon A low-growing, broadleaf evergreen with attractive white to pink flowers, followed by edible black fruit. Shrub grows larger in shady conditions and stays small in full-sun conditions. Fruit is a food source for wildlife. Attracts hummingbirds. height : 1–10 feet spread : 3–12 feet usda hardiness zones: 6–8 flowers: white, pink bloom time: April–July Pacific rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllum A Pacific Northwest native rhododendron with pale pink to purplish flowers in spring and dark-green leaves. Prefers acidic soils. Not adaptable in colder, drier regions such as Eastern Washington and Central and Eastern Oregon. Washington state flower. height : 6–12 feet spread : 10–12 feet usda hardiness zones : 6–9 flowers: pink to purple bloom time : April–May Texas red yucca Hesperaloe parviflora An interesting succulent with arching, swordlike blue-green leaves. Showy red flower stalks bloom for an extended period of time in mid- to late summer. Cold-tolerant. Grows well in dry, sandy, well-draining soils. A favorite of hummingbirds. height: 30–36 inches spread: 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–10 flowers : Red to pink bloom time: May–July BROADLEAF EVERGREENS Gaultheria–Yucca 34 Yucca Yucca species Recognized by swordlike leaves in various shade of green, gray-green, or variegated green and yellow. Produces stalks of white flowers during the growing season. Several varieties available. height : 2–4 feet / spread : 2–4 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–10 flowers : white bloom time : June–July PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: jmeeter (form), CC BY-SA 2.0, Eric Barbier (flower), CC By-NC SA 2.0 PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University Oregon boxwood Paxistima myrtifolia A low-growing shrub with leathery, light-green leaves. Stays more compact in full-sun areas. height: 1–4 feet / spread: 1–4 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–8 flowers : red bloom time: June–August L M L M L N N PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University Vine maple Acer circinatum A Pacific Northwest native with an open, irregular growth habit. Can be considered a tree or shrub. Does not perform well in full sun; east-facing location is ideal. Nice green stems when young; medium green leaves in summer. Healthy plants can have red, orange or yellow fall color. Flowers are not showy. height: 10–15 feet spread: 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–9 SHRUBS Abeliophylum–Acer 35 Shrubs Shrubs are woody plants that produce branches from the base and do not have a treelike growth habit. Shrubs can often serve as ladder fuels, which should be avoided in a fire-wise landscape. Consider placement and spacing for effective fire-wise design. White forsythia Abeliophyllum distichum A showy, fragrant spring-blooming shrub with profuse white flowers in March or April. Hardy to the west side of the Cascade Mountains. Low maintenance and can be used as a hedge. Multi-stemmed, unkept appearance. Not real showy in the landscape after bloom. height : 3–5 feet / spread : 3–4 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–8 flowers: white to pinkish bloom time: March–April Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum Small tree or large multi-stem shrub with attractive dark green foliage and red twigs. The “helicopter” seeds will turn reddish in summer. Attractive red to yellow fall color. Several subspecies and varieties available. Would do best with morning sun and afternoon shade. height: 20–30 feet spread: 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 fall color : yellow to red PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L M L N N Fire-resistant does not mean f ireproof! Even fire-resistant plants will burn if not well maintained. Keep landscape plants healthy with appropriate watering and proper pruning. SHRUBS Amelanchier–Buddleia 36 Serviceberry Amelanchier species A multi-stemmed shrub or tree that bears white flowers in spring followed by edible, purplish-black fruit that can be used in jams or wine. Excellent fall colors of red-orange. A. alnifolia (Saskatoon serviceberry) is the native species. Cultivated species include ‘Regent’, which is more compact. height: 6–10 feet / spread : 5–12 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–10 flowers: white bloom time: March–April Black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa An upright, multi-stem shrub with glossy, green leaves and white flowers in spring. Blackish fruit is edible and can be used to make juices, jellies and jams. Plant has high wildlife value and reddish-purple fall color. Varieties include ‘Autumn Magic’ and ‘Viking’. Both red and green chokeberry could also be used. height : 3–6 feet / spread : 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–9 flowers: white bloom time : Apri–May Barberry Berberis species A commonly used small- or medium- sized shrub with a dense, rounded growth habit. Branches have spines and small leaves in colors ranging from purplish red to gold. Red fruit persists into winter. More popular varieties include B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea ‘Crimson Pygmy’ (dwarf), ‘Rose Glow’, B. thunbergii ‘Helmond Pillar’ (upright), ‘Admiration’, ‘Concorde’ (sterile). Other sterile varieties include ‘Crimson Cutie®’ and ‘Lemon Glow®’. Barberry is considered invasive in several states (Midwest and eastern U.S.). Avoid planting invasive species B. vulgaris (common barberry). height : 4-6 feet / spread : 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers: yellow bloom time: April–May Buddleia (sterile varieties) Buddleia Known for its beautiful, nectar-rich, fragrant blooms in late summer. Can be difficult to establish in some regions. May need to be cut back each season to 12 inches above the ground. Select sterile varieties approved for sale such as ‘Asian Moon’, ‘Blue Chip’, ‘Miss Molly’, ‘Miss Ruby’ and several of the Flutterby Grande™ cultivars. Attracts hummingbirds. Avoid planting invasive species B. davidii (butterfly bush). The common name butterfly bush is no longer used with the sterile varieties. height: 4-6 feet / spread : 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–9 flowers: purple, pink, white, blue bloom time: July-September PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L L L N ‘Crimson Ruby’ ‘Miss Molly’‘Blue Chip’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M Blue-mist spirea Caryopteris x clandonensis Dense, rounded shrub with grayish-green leaves. Produces lavender-blue flowers in late summer. Foliage has a sagelike scent. Nice color for late season. Attracts pollinators. Can die back in winter and be cut back like a perennial in early spring. Prefers additional moisture. Will reseed. Cultivars include ‘Blue Mist’, ‘Dark Knight’ and ‘Beyond Midnight’. height: 3–5 feet / spread: 3–5 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–10 flowers : lavender-blue bloom time: July–September California lilac Ceanothus x pallidus ‘Marie Simon’ A semi- deciduous to evergreen shrub with large, loose clusters of fragrant, soft pink flowers and interesting maroon- colored stems. Adaptable west of the Cascades. Prune in early spring to rejuvenate and shape. height: 3–6 feet / spread: 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 6–10 flowers : light pink bloom time: June–July Kelsey dogwood Cornus sericea ‘Kelseyi’ This dwarf dogwood has a compact, rounded growth habit with white flowers in spring. Red stems provide winter interest. Prefers morning sun and afternoon shade. height: 24–36 inches / spread: 24–36 inches usda hardiness zones: 2–8 flowers : white bloom time: May–June SHRUBS Caryopteris–Cornus 37 Red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea A fast-growing shrub often found in riparian areas. White flowers followed by white fruits. Attractive red stems offer winter color to the landscape. Many cultivars available with different-colored stems and leaves and in various sizes. Can be pruned heavily down to 12 inches every four to five years. height: 7–10 feet / spread : 8–10 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–8 flowers :white bloom time: May–June PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L M L M N Shrubby cinquefoil Dasiphora fruticosa Formerly known as Potentilla fruticosa, this hardy, bushy shrub with small grayish-green leaves produces flowers all summer long in shades of yellow, gold, white, pink, red and orange. Cultivars include ‘Abbotswood’, ‘Gold Drop’, ‘Goldfinger’, ‘Tangerine’ and many others. height: 2–4 feet / spread: 2–4 feet usda hardiness zone : 2–7 flowers :multi bloom time: June–September Forsythia hybrids Forsythia x intermedia Forsythia come in a variety of sizes from dwarf to large shrubs. Known for its abundance of yellow flowers covering the entire branch in early spring. Prune following flowering, removing oldest stems all the way to the ground. Common varieties include ‘Lynwood Gold’, ‘Northern Gold’, “Meadowlark’ and the dwarf compact variety ‘Courtasol’ (Gold Tide). height: 3+ feet / spread : 6+ feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : Yellow-gold bloom time: March–April Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor An attractive, large shrub with a graceful growth habit and fragrant, pendulous, creamy white flowers in summer. Attracts hummingbirds. Best in morning light and afternoon shade. height: 6–9 feet / spread: 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–9 flowers :white bloom time: June–July SHRUBS Dasiphora–Philadelphus 38 Mockorange Philadelphus species Known for its sweet-smelling white flowers and bright-green foliage. Flowers can be single or double. Vase-shape growth habit. Many cultivars available, including golden-leafed ones. Attracts hummingbirds. P. lewisii (Lewis’ mockorange) is the native variety and the Idaho state flower. height: 6–8 feet / spread: 6–8 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : white bloom time: May–June PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L M L L N N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler Western sandcherry Prunus besseyi A medium-sized shrub with an open, irregular growth habit. Produces fragrant, white flowers in spring followed by edible, red (changing to black) fruit. Leaves are grayish-green, changing to a coppery-red in fall. Prefers additional moisture but can sucker if overwatered. ‘Pawnee Buttes®’ selection is 12–18 inches tall. height: 4–6 feet / spread: 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : white bloom time: April–May ‘Fine Line® Improved’ buckthorn Rhamnus frangula ‘SMNRFBT’ This variety is NOT invasive. Produces little fruit, and of those, only 2% are viable. Dense, upright shrub ideal for a hedge or shrub border with unique feathery appearance. Very adaptable. Glossy-green leaves turn yellow in fall. Flowers are not showy. height: 5–7 feet spread : 2–3 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–7 SHRUBS Physocarpus–Rhododendron 39 Ninebark Physocarpus species Very adaptable shrubby plant with dense, green, purple or golden foliage. Produces white flowers in summer. Distinct peeling bark. Varieties include ‘Diablo®’ (purple foliage), ‘Dart’s Gold’, ‘Summer Wine™’ (smaller) and ‘Little Devil™’ (smaller). Pacific ninebark is native with green leaves in summer. height : 6-8 feet / spread: 6–8 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–7 flowers : white to pinkish bloom time : May–June Western azalea Rhododendron occidentale A deciduous, upright shrub with, fragrant, white to salmon-pink flowers in spring. It is the only native azalea west of the Rocky Mountains found on the western side of the Cascade Mountains. Attracts hummingbirds. All parts of the plants are poisonous. height: 5-10 feet / spread : 5–10 feet usda hardiness zones: 6–9 flowers : white to pink bloom time: April–May L M L NN M N PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Diablo®’ ‘Nana’ PHOTOS: Proven Winners ‘Gro-Low’ fragrant sumac Rhus aromatica ‘Gro-Low’ Mounding shrub with dark green leaves. Fall color is orange to red to purple. Tiny yellow flowers change to fuzzy red fruit. Prefers additional moisture. R. trilobata ‘Autumn Amber’ grows 10- 14 inches high and is a nice selection of the native R. trilobata (Three-leaf sumac), which grows 5–7 feet high. Flowers are not showy. Can spread by suckers and often used to stabilize slopes. height: 1–3 feet / spread: 5–7 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–9 Flowering currant Ribes species Small to medium- size shrubs with attractive bright to dark-green leaves and fragrant flowers in a variety of colors. Some species produce edible fruit. R. aureum (golden currant) is widely native and R. sanguineum (red-flowering currant) is native west of the Cascades. height: 3–6’ / spread : 3–6’ usda hardiness zones: 2–7 flowers : pink or yellow bloom time: April - May Hardy shrub rose Rosa species Low-maintenance shrubs with attractive, sometimes scented flowers in a wide variety of colors. Blooms continuously or once during the season, depending on variety. Excellent fall color and ornamental rose hips for winter interest. ‘Nearly Wild’ is a popular selection, easy to grow and disease- resistant. Avoid planting invasive listed R. eglanteria (sweetbriar rose) and R. multiflora (multiflora rose). height: 2–6 feet / spread : 2–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–9 flowers : various bloom time: May–July SHRUBS Rhus–Rosa 40 Wood’s rose Rosa woodsii A native wild rose in the Pacific Northwest with a spreading growth habit. Produces single pink flowers in summer followed by ornamental, red hips. R. nutkana (Nootka rose) and R. gymnocarpa (bald-hip rose) are two other native species. height: 3–6 feet / spread: 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : pink bloom time : May–July L L L N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: ME Hart, Bugwood.org PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler L N Golden currant ‘Stanwell Perpetual’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University N Elderberry Sambucus species A multi-stemmed shrub with arching, spreading branches. The purple leaf varieties are particularly showy. Has large white-pink blooms in summer followed by edible, purple-black fruit that can be used for jellies, jams and wine. Native varieties are S. cerulea (blue elderberry) and S. canadensis (red elderberry). One of the more spectacular varieties is S. nigra ‘Black Lace™’ which has finely dissected purplish-black leaves, pink flowers, and purple fruit. height: 6-8 feet spread : 6-8 feet usda hardiness zones: 4-9 flowers : Creamy white, pink bloom time: May–July Russian sage Salvia yangii Formerly known as Perovskia atriplicifolia. Fine, feathery- textured shrub with silvery-gray leaves and a sagelike aroma. Produces beautiful, long- lasting, lavender-blue flowers in late summer. Do not overwater. May reseed or spread by rhizomes. May die back in colder areas and can be cut back to 12 inches in spring. The seedheads provide fall/winter food for some birds. Attracts hummingbirds and yellow finch. Best cultivars include ‘Blue Spires’ (sterile, so will not reseed), ‘Lacey Blue’ (dwarf) and ‘Little Spires’(dwarf). height: 3–5 feet / spread: 3–4 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : lavender-blue bloom time : June–August SHRUBS Salix–Sambucus 41 Willow Salix species Fast-growing shrubs with narrow leaves, dense branches and yellow fall color. Several native and cultivated species are available. Prefers additional moisture. Can be susceptible to insect and disease. Large, tree-form willows generally are not recommended for home landscapes due to invasive roots and weak wood. Prune out the dead wood and remove debris in willow to reduce a potential fuel source. A popular selection includes S. integra ‘Hakuro- nishiki’ (dappled willow), grown for its attractive foliage. S. lucida (shining willow), S. scouleriana (Scouler’s willow) and S. lutea (yellow willow) are native. Flowers are not showy. Avoid planting potentially invasive species S. alba (white or crack willow). height: 6–30 feet spread : 5–20 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–9 L M N PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Barbara L. Wilson, Oregon Flora M N ‘Arctic Blue’ ‘Hakuro-nishiki’ ‘Laced Up’Blue elderberry ‘Black Lace’ PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Upright, arching shrub with bluish- green leaves. Pink flowers in summer, followed by white, rounded fruit, which persist through the winter. Attracts hummingbirds. All parts of the plants are poisonous to humans and pets. height : 4–6 feet spread : 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–7 flowers: pinkish white bloom time : May–June Lilac Syringa species Large shrubs known for their beautiful, fragrant blossoms in spring. Prefers additional water to get established, then becomes more drought tolerant. Tough, adaptable plant. Many dwarf hybrids available; these may be better choices in a fire-wise landscape. height: 5–15 feet / spread: 6–12 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–7 flowers : purple, pink, white, lavender bloom time: May–June Western spirea Spiraea douglasii A medium- size shrub that produces fuzzy pink to purplish flowers in mid- to late summer. Often found along waterways. Useful in plantings near streams. Remove spent flowers. Yellow fall color. height: 3–6 feet / spread: 3–6 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers : pink, purple bloom time: June–September SHRUBS Spiraea–Viburnum 42 Spirea Spiraea species This popular, easy-care, clump- forming shrub produces white or pink bowl-shaped flowers. Leaves are generally green but can be tinted in shades of red or yellow. Many species and selections available, including ‘Anthony Waterer’, ‘Gold Mound’, ‘Gold Flame’, ‘Little Princess’ and ‘Neon Flash’. Some varieties attract hummingbirds. height: 2–4 feet / spread: 2–4 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–8 flowers : white, pink bloom time : May–June Compact American cranberrybush viburnum Viburnum trilobum ‘Compactum’ An excellent rounded shrub. Green, maplelike foliage in summer changing to orange-red in fall. Produces white flowers followed by minimal red fruit in fall. Eastside exposure is best. Prune when flowers are spent. height : 4–6 feet / spread : 4–6 feet usda hardiness zones : 2–7 flowers: white bloom time : May–June L M L MN N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M ‘Gold Mound’‘President Grevy’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Trees Ornamental trees are usually smaller than shade trees and add variety to the landscape. Some deciduous species, which sheds leaves in fall, can reduce heat, slow the spread of fire and block embers. These trees can provide showy flowers, decorative fruit, attractive fall color and winter texture. They are good single specimen trees. Shade trees provide excellent fall color and cool your home in summer. A note about Acer species (maples): Some maples are considered invasive in certain areas of the country. Most notably, avoid planting A. platanoides (Norway maple) and A. pseudoplatanus (Sycamore maple) in the Pacific Northwest. TREES Acer 43 Amur maple Acer ginnala Small tree or large shrub with irregular growth habit and excellent red fall color. Good choice for a small area. A subspecies of Tatarian maple. Varieties include ‘Beethoven’, ‘Flame’, ‘Red November’ and ‘Mozart’. height: 15–20 feet spread : 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–8 fall color : red L PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum A small, multi- stemmed tree or large shrub. Found at elevations 4,000–7,000 feet in the Intermountain West. Adapted to both moist and dry sites. A. grandidentatum ‘Schmidt’ and ‘Hipzam’ are popular selections. height : 20-30 feet spread : 15-20 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–8 fall color: yellow, orange, red M PHOTO: Ali Eminov, WSC Arboretum, CC BY-NC 2.0 PHOTO: Peter Howe, CC-BY-NC-SA 2.0 M N Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum A large shade tree with large, glossy, green leaves changing to yellow in the fall. Often found near streambanks and prefers a cool, moist environment. Adaptable west of the Cascades. height: 30–75 feet spread: 30–50 feet usda hardiness zones : 5–8 fall color: yellow PHOTO: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University TREES Acer–Aesculus 44 M Red maple Acer rubrum or Acer x freemanii (red maple hybrids) Nice pyramidal to oval growth habit, depending on variety. Provide excellent red fall color. Need sufficient water to become established or can die back. Once established, red maples are an excellent addition to the landscape. Popular cultivars include ‘Armstrong’, ‘Bowhall’ Red Sunset® and October Glory®. Freeman maple types include Celebration® and Autumn Blaze®. height : 30–50 feet spread : 20–30 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–9 fall color: red PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M Red horsechestnut Aesculus x carnea A non-invasive hybrid between A. hippocastanum (common horsechestnut) and A. pavia (red buckeye). A large shade tree with a dense, rounded growth habit, attractive pink flowers and spiny fruits poisonous to horses, dogs and cats. Selections include ‘Briotii’ and ‘Fort McNair’. Attracts hummingbirds. Avoid planting invasive species A. hippocastanum (common horsechestnut). height: 30–40 feet spread: 25-35 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–9 flowers : red to pink bloom time : May fall color: gold to brown PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M Sugar maple Acer saccharum Upright-oval to rounded growth habit. May not be as adaptable in the Pacific Northwest as other maples. Fall color, although not as showy as in the northeastern U.S., can be beautiful shades of red, orange and yellow. Varieties include ‘Commemoration’ (more upright growth habit) and ‘Green Mountain’ (more broad growth habit). height : 30–45 feet spread : 20–30 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–8 fall color: red, orange, yellow PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University TREES Alnus–Amelanchier 45 Red alder Alnus rubra Red alder is also known as Oregon alder. Alder is a deciduous tree with an open, conical growth habit and spreading branches. Often found in wet areas. Dark-green foliage and smooth, light-gray bark. Adaptable west of the Cascades. height: 45–50 feet spread : 20–30 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–8 fall color : yellow M N PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University Mountain alder Alnus tenuifolia Grown as a small tree or multi- stemmed shrub. Dull green foliage and very cold-hardy. Often found near water and can work well in difficult wet sites. This species is more fire- resistant than other Alnus. height : 20–25 feet spread : 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–8 fall color : yellow PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University M N Serviceberry or juneberry Amelanchier species A multi-stemmed shrub or tree that bears white flowers in spring followed by edible, purplish-black fruit. Excellent fall colors of red-orange. Tree form varieties include ‘Autumn Brilliance’, ‘Princess Diana’, ‘Robin Hill’ and ‘Spring Flurry®. A. laevis (Allegheny serviceberry) can also be used. See shrub section for list of native shrub forms. height : 20–25 feet spread : 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 fall color : red–orange PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University L Western catalpa Catalpa speciosa A large shade tree with green, heart- shaped leaves and attractive, creamy- white, orchidlike flowers followed by long, thin seed pods. May be on watch list in areas of Idaho. Check the Invasive Plant Atlas in “Resources” and avoid planting in areas noted. height: 40–50 feet spread: 20–25 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–8 flowers : white bloom time : May–June fall color: yellow to brown 46TREES Betula–Celtis 46 Birch Betula species An ornamental tree with bright- green foliage that changes to yellow in fall. Several varieties have interesting bark texture and are known for their distinct white bark. Some species are highly susceptible to an insect called the bronze birch borer, especially in drier regions. Bronze birch borer-resistant varieties include B. nigra (river birch), ‘Heritage’ and ‘Whitespire Senior’. Avoid planting invasive species B. pendula (European birch). height: 30–40 feet spread : 20–30 feet usda hardiness zones: 2–9 fall color : yellow PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler (top and below), Neil Bell (above)PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University Himalayan birch River birch Common hackberry Celtis occidentalis A large shade tree with light-green leaves and interesting corky bark. Drought tolerant and adaptable to a wide array of growing conditions. Flowers are not showy. height : 40–50 feet spread: 35–40 feet usda hardiness zones : 2–9 fall color: yellow L M L Flowering dogwood Cornus florida A small, ornamental shrub with showy pink, reddish or white “flower” bracts and an open, low-branching, irregular growth habit. Several varieties available, including ‘Rubra’, ‘Cherokee Chief’ and Cherokee Brave™. Native species C. nuttallii (Pacific dogwood) is adaptable west of the Cascades but can be difficult to grow in urban landscapes. height: 20–30 feet spread: 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones : 5–9 flowers : pink, red, white bloom time : April–June fall color: red, orange, yellow TREES Cercis–Cotinus 47 Eastern redbud Cercis canadensis An attractive, small ornamental tree with showy, pink, pealike blooms in early spring. Green, heart-shaped leaves change to yellow in fall. California or Western redbud (C. occidentalis) is also fire- resistant but less hardy. Varieties include ‘Covey’, ‘Forest Pansy’, ‘The Rising Sun’ and many others. Attracts hummingbirds. height: 20–30 feet spread : 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–9 flowers: pink bloom time: March–April fall color : yellow PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University Common smoketree Cotinus coggygria A large shrub or small tree that has unique foliage. Hairy flowers produce showy “plumes of smoke” late in the season. The purple leaf varieties are particularly striking. Cultivars include ‘Royal Purple’ and ‘Ancot’ (Golden Spirit®), which has lime-green leaves. height : 10–15 feet spread : 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers: yellow or pink bloom time: June–August fall color : yellow, red, purple N PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M LM Cascara Frangula purshiana Grows as a small tree or multi- stemmed shrub. Has unique ribbed leaves and smooth gray bark with chalky white patches. Flowers are insignificant. height: 15–30 feet spread: 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones: 3-8 fall color: yellow, orange, red Hawthorn Crataegus species Small ornamental tree with single or multiple stems, white or red flowers, and showy fruit that attracts birds. Some varieties are thornless. Species and cultivars include C. douglasii (black hawthorn, native), C. lavallei (Lavalle hawthorn) and C. laevigata (English hawthorn) ‘Crimson Cloud’ and ‘Paul’s Scarlet’. Avoid planting invasive species C. monogyna (one-seed hawthorn) and C. phaenopyrum (Washington hawthorn). height: 15–20 feet spread: 10–15 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–7 flowers : white, red bloom time : May–June fall color: bronze, gold European beech Fagus sylvatica A large, slow-growing shade tree with a densely pyramidal to rounded growth habit. Lustrous, dark-green leaves in summer. Can have a broad, wide growth habit or weeping form. Flowers are not showy. Cultivars include ‘Purple Fountain’, ‘Tricolor’ and ‘Riversii’. height : 25–60 feet spread : 15–45 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–7 fall color : golden bronze 48TREES Crataegus–Frangula 48 M M N PHOTOS: Neil Bell, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Tricolor’ PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University NL Thornless honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis. cvs The fine leaves provide a filtered shade environment. Many thornless and seedless cultivars are available in various sizes and growth habits. Keep healthy to avoid insects and disease. Flowers not showy. Cultivars include Skyline®, ‘Shademaster’, Imperial® and Sunburst®. height: 35–40 feet spread: 30–50 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–9 fall color: yellow Kentucky coffee tree Gymnocladus dioicus A large shade tree for large areas. Leaves are dark green in summer. Female trees produce large seed pods that have toxic properties, so male trees are more commonly sold. Adapted to a wide range of soils and climate. Flowers are not showy. Male cultivars include Espresso™. height: 40–50 feet spread: 30–40 feet usda hardiness zones: 3–8 fall color: yellow TREES Gleditsia–Juglans 49 L M PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University M ‘Sunburst’ Walnut Juglans species A large tree with spreading growth habit. The leaves are divided, giving a featherlike appearance. Some species provide edible nuts. J. nigra (black walnut) is a prime timber tree. Flowers are not showy. height : 40–60+ feet spread: 30–50 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–9 fall color: yellow PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University Fire-resistant does not mean f ireproof! Even fire-resistant plants will burn if not well maintained. Keep landscape plants healthy with appropriate watering and proper pruning. American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua A large shade tree with a unique green leaf and yellow, red or purple fall color. Seedpods are spiked and may be a nuisance in the landscape. Remove fallen seed pods annually. ‘Rotundiloba’ and Happidaze ™ are fruitless varieties. ‘Worplesdon’ and ‘Slender Silhouette’ are popular varieties. Flowers are not showy. height: 60–75 feet spread: 20–25 feet usda hardiness zones: 5–9 fall color : red, yellow, purple Crabapple Malus species Restrictions on planting crabapples may apply in fruit-tree growing regions of the Pacific Northwest. These trees have beautiful spring flowers in rose, pink, red and white. They offer different growth habits and can feature green or purplish foliage. They also provide ornamental fruit and fall color. Some are fruitless. Varieties include ‘Adirondack’, Golden Raindrops®, Lollipop™, Prairiefire, ‘Profusion’ ‘Red Baron’, Royal Raindrops®, Sargent, Show Time™, ‘Snowdrift’ and ‘Spring Snow’ (fruitless). Avoid planting potentially invasive M. floribunda (Japanese crabapple). height : 15–20 feet spread : 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 flowers: rose, pink, red, white bloom time: April–May fall color : several 50TREES Liquidambar–Platanus 50 M L M PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University ‘Spring Snow’ ‘Royal Raindrops’ Western or California sycamore Platanus racemosa A large, fast-growing tree with large, dark-green leaves and flaking bark in shades of white, brown and gray. Typically has a multi-stem trunk. Best used in areas that allow for mature size. Flowers are not showy. Native to wet areas. Round fruit can be a nuisance. height : 40–80 feet spread: 50–70 feet usda hardiness zones : 7–9 fall color: yellow, orange, brown PHOTO: Ric Ergenbright/Danita Delimont, stock.adobe.com Chokecherry Prunus virginiana A medium-sized tree to large shrub with green leaves and white flowers, followed by edible purple fruits that can be used for jams, jellies and wines. Will produce some suckers at the base of the tree. A popular cultivar in landscapes is ‘Schubert’ grown for its maroon summer foliage. height: 20–30 feet spread: 15–20 feet usda hardiness zones : 2–6 flowers : white bloom time : April–May fall color: yellow TREES Populus–Quercus 51 L N L N Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Attractive light- colored bark and trembling green leaves make this a popular tree. This tree will sucker and produce groves near where they are planted. Suckers will come up in beds and turfgrass, so plan accordingly. Yellow-orange fall color. Adaptable to both wet and dry soils. Susceptible to disease and insects in an urban environment. Cultivars include ‘Erecta’, which has an upright, columnar growth habit and orange-yellow fall color. Flowers are not showy. Native stands provide habitat for native bees. height : 30–40 feet spread : 12–15 feet usda hardiness zones : 1–8 fall color : yellow, orange PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTO: Ric Ergenbright/Danita Delimont, stock.adobe.com ‘Schubert’ Oregon white oak Quercus garryana Known for its twisting limbs, this large shade tree has dark, glossy, green leaves that change to reddish brown in fall. Adapted west of the Cascades. Flowers are not showy. height : 40–90 feet spread : 30–60 feet usda hardiness zones : 6–9 fall color: Yellow-brown L N PHOTOS: Patrick Breen, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Neil Bell, © Oregon State University PHOTO: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Red oak Quercus rubra One of the faster growing oaks, good for a large area. Dark-green summer leaves have pointed lobes. Nice fall colors of red, orange and brown. Flowers not showy. height: 60–75 feet spread: 40–50 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 fall color : red M L L TREES Quercus–Robinia 52 Pin oak Quercus palustris A fast-growing oak with dark-green, bristly leaves and lower, pendulous branches. Young trees have a pyramidal growth habit, but form becomes more open and rounded as trees mature. Prefers acidic soils. Flowers not showy. height : 50–70 feet spread : 25–40 feet usda hardiness zones: 4–8 fall color : Red to brown PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State UniversityPHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University ‘Purple Robe’ locust Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Purple Robe’ An upright tree with attractive, fragrant, purple flowers. Yellow fall color. Very adaptable tree in tough environments. Branches may break in high winds due to branch angles. Sold as thornless but may develop some thorns over time. Avoid planting invasive species R. pseudoacacia (black locust). height : 30–40 feet spread : 20–30 feet usda hardiness zones : 3–8 flowers: purple bloom time : May–June fall color : yellow Plant availability If you are unable to find the plants you want locally, visit the Oregon Association of Nurseries website for plant availability, https://nurseryguide.com/Find_Plants PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University 53TREES Syringa 53 Japanese tree lilac Syringa reticulata Bears fragrant creamy-white flowers in early summer. ‘Ivory Silk’ has a compact oval growth habit and is a good choice for a fire-wise landscape. Other varieties include ‘Chantilly Lace’, ‘Regent’, and ‘Summer Snow’. height: 15–20 feet spread: 10–12 feet usda hardiness zones : 4–7 flowers : creamy white bloom time : June- July fall color: yellow H PHOTOS: Amy Jo Detweiler, © Oregon State University Evergreen trees and shrubs Evergreens keep their needles throughout the year, providing winter color in your landscape. However, most evergreens have fire-prone characteristics, such as resin, that do not lend themselves to a fire-wise landscape. Few evergreens are fire- wise plants. If you choose to use a specialty conifer, plant it as far away from the home as possible, with few fire-wise plants near it. You can plant conifers in the extended zone (30–100 feet) outwards, with no other plant material around them. Remove lower limbs and make sure no limbs touch roofs, siding or other structures. Rake and remove needles from the first two zones to reduce fuels around the home. Ponderosa pine and western larch are among the most fire- resistant conifers due to their thick bark, which protects them from fire, and the high moisture content of their foliage. As conifers mature, their bark thickens, increasing their fire- resistance. Most conifers have resin and other characteristics that make them more flammable. Avoid planting conifers near the home. PHOTO: stock.adobe.com PLANT INDEX 54 Groundcovers Antennaria, pussytoes or cat’s ears 11 Arabis, rockcress 11 Aubrieta deltoidea, false rock cress 11 Aurinia saxatilis, basket-of-gold 11 Bellium minutum, miniature mat daisy 12 Callirhoe involucrata, poppy mallow 12 Ceanothus prostratus, mahala mat 12 Cerastium tomentosum, snow-in-summer 12 Convallaria majalis, Lily of the valley 13 Delosperma, iceplant 13 Eriogonum umbellatum, sulphur buckwheat 13 Fragaria, wild strawberry 13 Galium odoratum, sweet woodruff 14 Lamium, dead nettle 14 Marrubium rotundifolium, silver-edged horehound 14 Pachysandra terminalis, Japanese pachysandra 15 Phlox subulata, creeping phlox 15 Saponaria ocymoides, coapwort 15 Sedum, stonecrop 15 Sempervivum, hens and chicks 16 Thymus praecox ‘Minus’, creeping thyme 16 Veronica, speedwell 16 Perennials Achillea, yarrow 17 Agastache, hummingbird mint 17 Allium cernuum, nodding onion 17 Allium cristophii, ‘Star of Persia’ 18 Allium ‘Globemaster’ 18 Allium karataviense ‘Ivory Queen’ 18 Allium schoenoprasum, chives 18 Aquilegia, columbine 19 Armeria maritima, sea thrift 19 Asclepias tuberosa, orange butterfly weed 19 Baptisia, false indigo 19 Bergenia cordifolia, heartleaf bergenia 20 Calochortus, mariposa lily 20 Carex, sedge 20 Coreopsis, tickseed 20 Delphinium 21 Dianthus, garden carnation or pinks 21 Dicentra formosa, western or Pacific bleeding heart 21 Echinacea purpurea, coneflower 21 Epilobium canum, California fuchsia 22 Erigeron linearis, desert yellow fleabane 22 Gaillardia, blanket flower 22 Geranium cinereum or Geranium striatum, grayleaf cranesbill or bloody cranesbill 22 Geum triflorum, prairie smoke 23 Helianthemum nummularium, sun rose 23 Hemerocallis, daylily 23 Heuchera sanguinea, coral bells 23 Hosta, hosta lily 24 Hylotephium herbstfreude, ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum 24 Iberis sempervirens, candytuft 24 Iris, tall bearded 24 Kniphofia uvaria, torch lily or red-hot poker 25 Leucanthemum x superbum, Shasta daisy 25 Lavandula, lavender 25 Alternative mulch such as gravel provides an effective firebreak around this home, but conifers and ornamental grasses are not fire- wise plants and should be used sparingly, away from homes. PHOTO: stock.adobe.com Lewisia x longipetala or L. cotyledon 25 Liatris, blazing star 26 Lilium, Asiatic lilies 26 Linum perenne, blue flax 26 Lonicera, honeysuckle 26 Lupinus, lupine 27 Oenothera, evening primrose 27 Opuntia, prickly pear cactus 27 Papaver orientale, Oriental poppy 27 Penstemon, beardtongue 28 Phlox paniculata, tall garden phlox 28 Polemonium, Jacob’s ladder 28 Polygonatum commutatum, Solomon’s seal 28 Pulsatilla patens, pasque flower 29 Ratibida columnifera, prairie coneflower 29 Rudbeckia fulgida or Rudbeckia hirta, black- eyed Susan 29 Salvia sylvestris 29 Saxifraga x arendsii, mossy saxifrage 30 Scutellaria, skullcap 30 Solidago, goldenrod 30 Sphaeralcea munroana, orange globe mallow 30 Stachys byzantina, lamb’s ear 31 Symphyotrichum, aster 31 Thalictrum fendleri, Fendler’s meadowrue 31 Tradescantia occidentalis, western spiderwort 31 Zauschneria (see Epilobium canum) 22 Broadleaf evergreens Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, kinnickinnick 32 Berberis aquifolium, Oregon grape 32 Berberis repens, Creeping holly 31 Ceanothus gloriosus, Point Reyes ceanothus 33 Cistus purpureus, orchid rockrose 33 Cotoneaster apiculatus, cranberry cotoneaster 33 Daphne burkwoodii var. ‘Carol Mackie’ 33 Gaultheria shallon, salal 34 Hesperaloe parviflora, Texas red yucca 34 Paxistima myrtifolia, Oregon boxwood 34 Rhododendron macrophyllum, Pacific rhododendron 34 Shrubs Abeliophyllum distichum, white forsythia 35 Acer circinatum, Vine maple 35 Acer glabrum, Rocky Mountain maple 35 Aronia melanocarpa, black chokeberry 36 Berberis, Barberry 35 Buddleia (sterile varieties) 35 Caryopteris x clandonensis, blue-mist spirea 37 Ceanothus x pallidus ‘Marie Simon’, California lilac 37 Cornus sericea ‘Kelseyi’, Kelsey dogwood 37 Cornus sericea, red-osier dogwood 37 Dasiphora fruticosa, shrubby cinquefoil 38 Forsythia x intermedia 38 Holodiscus discolor, oceanspray 38 Mahonia, Oregon grape or creeping holly (see Berberis) 32 Philadelphus, mockorange 38 Physocarpus, ninebark 39 Prunus besseyi, western sandcherry 39 Rhamnus frangula ‘SMNRFBT’, Fine Line® Improved buckthorn 39 Rhododendron occidentale, western azalea 39 Rhus aromatica ‘Gro-Low’, Gro-Low fragrant sumac 40 Ribes, flowering currant 40 Rosa, hardy shrub rose 40 Rosa woodsii, Wood’s rose 40 Salvia yangii, Russian sage 41 Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, blue elderberry 41 Spiraea, spirea and western spirea 41 Symphoricarpos albus, snowberry 42 Syringa, lilac 42 Viburnum trilobum ‘Compactum’, compact American cranberry viburnum 42 Trees Acer ginnala, Amur maple 43 Acer grandidentatum, bigtooth maple 43 Acer macrophyllum, bigleaf maple 43 Acer rubrum or Acer x freemanii, red maple 44 Aesculus x carnea, red horsechestnut 44 Alnus rubra, red alder 45 Alnus tenuifolia, mountain alder 45 Amelanchier, serviceberry or juneberry 36, 45 Betula, birch 46 Catalpa, western catalpa 46 Celtis occidentalis, common hackberry 46 Cercis canadensis, Eastern redbed 47 Cornus florida, flowering dogwood 47 Cotinus coggygria, common smoketree 47 Crataegus, hawthorn 48 Evergreen trees and shrubs, 53 Fagus sylvatica, European beech 48 Frangula purshiana, cascara 48 Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis. cvs, thornless honeylocust 49 Gymnocladus dioicus, Kentucky coffee tree 49 Juglans, walnut 49 Liquidambar styraciflua, American sweetgum 50 Malus, crabapple 50 Platanus racemosa, Western or California sycamore 50 Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen 51 Prunus virginiana, chokecherry 51 Quercus garryana, Oregon white oak 51 Quercus palustris, pin oak 52 Quercus rubra, red oak 52 Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Purple Robe’, Purple Robe locust 52 Salix, willow 41 PLANT INDEX 55 Printing of this publication was supported by: PERENNIALS NODDING ONION–CHIVES 3 PNW 590 | REVISED OCTOBER 2023 View online: https://extension.oregonstate.edu/pub/pnw-590 A PNW EXTENSION PUBLICATIONFire-resistant Plant s for Home Landscapes Reduce Wildfire Risk with Proper Plant Selection and Placement Fire-resistant Plants for Home Landscapes Authors Amy Jo Detweiler, Extension horticulturist, professor, Central Oregon, Oregon State University Stephen Fitzgerald, director of College of Forestry Research Forests, professor, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University Ariel Cowan, regional fire specialist — central area, assistant professor of practice, Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University Neil Bell, retired Extension horticulturist, senior instructor II, Marion and Polk counties, Oregon State University Thomas Stokely, forest ecologist, The Nature Conservancy Technical support Lisa Cowan, outreach program coordinator, Central Oregon Acknowledgments This project was supported by the Central Oregon Master Gardener Association. Some material adapted from University of California Cooperative Extension Hortscript, 1996, No. 18. Cover image: Pineleaf penstemon, Amy Jo Detweiler Disclaimer The purpose of this document is to provide homeowners with guidance on ways to landscape their property with fire-resistant plants to help reduce losses from wildfire damage. These suggestions and recommendations are based on professional judgment, experience and research. This publication is intended to serve only as a guide. The authors, contributors and publisher disclaim all warranties and guarantees with respect to the information in the document and assume no liability or responsibility with respect to the information. Published August 2006. Revised October 2023. © 2023 Published and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by the Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Extension, University of Idaho Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. The three participating Extension services offer educational programs, activities and materials without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, familial/ parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, genetic information, veteran’s status, reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Accessibility: This publication will be made available in an accessible alternative format upon request. Please contact puborders@oregonstate. edu or 1-800-561-6719. Inside Introduction .........................................................................3 Protecting family, home and community .................3 What are fire-resistant plants? ...................................5 Selecting fire-resistant plants .....................................6 Resources ......................................................................10 Groundcovers .....................................................................11 Perennials ............................................................................17 Broadleaf evergreens ......................................................32 Shrubs ...................................................................................35 Trees ......................................................................................43 Plant index .........................................................................54 Defensible space . :� NOT RECOMMENDED .Declinin conifers ZL x� Ot Unthinned conifers i Flammable conifers Conifer too close Wood deckles Ladderfuels �� Conifer open aJ� v �I' Dense shrubs Cedar shake roof Pine needles a ' l" Spaced native cover I Composite roof s" Shrub border Shrubs by window with wood bark mulch �'fi� Gravel, Tallgrass ;owed lawn or alternative fl 1 Pruned and cleared of dead grass/vegetation w 4s 1 � RECOMMENDED �r Figure 1.The practices on the left show some of the recommended ways to design and maintain your fire-wise landscape to help protect your home.The practices on the right are not recommended.Zones from 0-5,5-30,and 30-100 feet from the house are based on the National Fire Protection Association's Home Ignition Zone. ILLUSTRATION:©Oregon State University Protecting family, 3 critical steps home and community to defensible space 0 Use fire-resistant building materials. Tres are a natural part of the Pacific Northwest's ever- © Reduce fuels such as weedy changing ecosystem. As people continue to live and build in vegetation and clean debris fire-prone landscapes, they must take steps to protect their from roofs,decks and gutters. lives, homes, properties and communities. These safeguards © Use fire-resistant plants in are needed in rural, suburban and urban environments, which are all the landscape. prone to wildfire devastation. These actions DO NOT ensure that your home or community will One way to lower fire risk is to create a defensible space around your survive a wildfire. But they can home.The Home Ignition Zone, or HIZ, is defined as the home itself improve the odds.